A total of 760 people, the list of members of the 14 th Beijing CPPCC was announced

  Original title: A total of 760 people, the list of members of the 14 th Beijing Municipal Political Consultative Conference was announced!

  On January 8, the Standing Committee of the 13th CPPCC Beijing Committee held its 38th meeting. The meeting deliberated and adopted the Decision of the Standing Committee of the 13th Beijing Committee of the China People’s Political Consultative Conference on the Members of the 14th Beijing Committee of the CPPCC.

  1. the Communist Party of China (CPC) Beijing Municipal Committee (20)

  Wang Yinghua Lu Yan Liu Zhiwei (Manchu) Liu Zhengang Li Liang Yang Jinghui (female) Yu Fei Zhang Caixiong Zhang Jiaming Chen Xu Lin Fusheng Zhou Kairang Zhao Jiachen (female) Qian Wei (female) Xu Jianyun Cui Shuqiang Han Yu Han Geng Han Suohua Wei Xiaodong

  2. Beijing Municipal Committee of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (18 members)

  Wang hong (female, Manchu) Ren Xuefeng Liu Chuan Li Fengqin (female) Yan Li (Manchu) Li Shuo (Manchu) Wu Yongquan Wu Yongchang Zhang Zhaoqi (Hui) Zhang Weiqian (female) Luo Ying (female, Manchu) Yao Weihai Tao Shuilong Chang Jianmin (Mongolian) Liang Xinhua Fu Chuan Chu Xiaowei Fan Wei (female)

  3. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Democratic League (18 members)

  Wang Dongyan Wang Yayu Wang Yongqiang Wang Zhe Mao Yonghui (female) Yin Hailong Liu Ning Yan Wei Li Guangxi Wu Nan Zhang Zhenjun Zhang Xuesong Hu Peng (female) Liu Xuequan Zhong Zurong Shi Guanghai Cao Xianbin Cheng Hong (female)

  4. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Democratic National Construction Association (18 members)

  Ma Chunxiu (female) Wang Wenyong Wang Hong (female) Lu Changlin Tian Jingxin (female) Bi Jianyu Liu Jinghui Liu Yu ‘an Jin Ming An Ting (Mongolian) Su Jian Li Haili (female) Gu Shuzhong Wang Lijun Zhang Jie (female) Gao Wujun Guo Tianyong Pei Pucheng.

  5. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Association for Promoting Democracy (14 members)

  Wang Liping (female) Cang Yuqing (female, Hui nationality) Sultan xin li (female) Yang Jinlong Yu Shengquan Zhao Jianguo Zhao Chao Xiang Jun swimming battle Chun Yan (female, Manchu) Xu Zhaohui Gao Chongyao Gong Liutang Liao Yi (female)

  6. Beijing Municipal Committee of China Agricultural Workers’ Democratic Party (14 members)

  Wang Dong Wang Jinnan Zhu Xiufeng Liu Cunzhi Liu Juncai (female) Liu Meiyan (female) Jiang Xin (female) Zhang Jianmin Zhang Qinqin (female) Chen Xiaojing (female) Jing Zhicheng Guo Hongmei (female) Ge Qinggang Han Xiujuan (female)

  7. china zhi gong party Beijing Municipal Committee (7 members)

  Liu Xuezeng Xu Bin (female) Li Manying (female) Yang Jinsheng Hu Yongfang (female) Gu Xingfa Dong Xiaoli (female)

  8. Beijing Municipal Committee of Jiu San Society (14 members)

  Ma Guanghui (female) Ma Hongtao (female) Wang Qiang Zuo Xiaobing Ye Peigui Yiming (Manchu) Liu Zhong Liu Zhongfan Xu Li (female) Shen Xinghai Song Ping (female) Zhang Xuegong Guo Yi (female) Zeng Xiaofeng

  9. Beijing Municipal Committee of Taiwan Democratic Self-government League (7 members)

  Zhuang Wenjing (female) Yang Xu Chen Wei Chen Jun (female, Gaoshan nationality) Ou Yunsong Xian Haizhen (female) Xie Tianxiang

  10. People without party affiliation (14)

  Wang Chuanli Wang Jiannan (Hui nationality) Long Yunbin (female) Liu Yi (female) Li Xiaomu Li Zhiying Yang Wenliang Yang Beibei (female) Wu Chen Zhang Yaqin (female) Lin Bao Xia Qinfang (female) Huang Yuguang Cao Chen (female)

  11. Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Youth League of China and Beijing Youth Federation (16)

  Yu Fei Ma Xiaojiao (female, Hui nationality) Wang Xin Wang Bo Liu Han Liu Yuanyuan (female, Miao nationality) Lu Chao (Daur nationality) Li Yongle Wu Zhen Ouyang Jihua Guo Xiaoran (female) Zhong Mianmian (female, She nationality) Gao Yixuan Huang Xiaobin Cheng Lesong Liao Hongcheng.

  12. Beijing Federation of Trade Unions (32)

  Wang Li (female) Wang Xiuying (female) Wang Xiaoyan (female) Wang Rui Ye Fei (female) Fu Xiangsheng Lu Decheng Liu Changyong Liu Jun An Chunling (female) Sun Yu Zhimei Sun (female) Yin Yi Hong Li Weihua Li Wei Li Donghua Song Lijing (female) Song Wei Shang motherland Zhou Honglei Zhou Xianliang Zhou Fugang Zheng Mojie (female) Zhao Dongmei (female) Zhao Lijun (female)

  13. Beijing Women’s Federation (14)

  Wang Zhen (female) Wang Shu (female) Bian Yufang (female) Lu Yongli (female) Li Ting (female) lily li (female) Yang Weixian (female) Xiao Yunzhu (female) He Haiyan (female) Tong Xin (female, Manchu) Yu Lixin (female) Zhang Yajun (female) Zheng Xiaodan (female) ice storm. 

  14. Beijing Federation of Industry and Commerce (15)

  Julia Tian Gangyin Yinqi Liu Baiqi Sun Taoran Li Jun Li Zhiqi Li Ming Zou Tao Chen Jie (female) Zhao Yujin Xia Shudong Liang Jiliang Peng Yongdong Yanying (female)

  15. Beijing Science and Technology Association (9)

  Fang Zhongxiong Tian Wen Bai Lin Sun Lili (female) Xin Bing (female) Zhang Que Qu Feng (female) Zhao Yu Gu Ciyang

  16. Taiwan Province Compatriots Association (7)

  Ma Yunfei (Gaoshan) Bai Tianliang (female, Gaoshan) Li Liangfei (female) Gao Wei Huang Saixi (Manchu) Cao Hui (female) Cai Yu (female)

  17. Beijing Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (10)

  Wang Wensheng Bai Tao (female) Lv Zhibin Guan Hongliang Chen Zhongzhou Mabel Miao (female) Lin Jianhao Rong Yang Liu Wenchao Yin Qiang

  18. Cultural and artistic circles (31)

  Wang Jiequn (female) Wang Bo Fang Ming Bai Jingfeng Feng Yuanzheng Ren Zhe Liu Hongli Liu Hengfu Du Yanfeng Du Zhenjie Li Yangwei (female) Li Xiulei (female) Li Chunliang Yang Yang Yang Jiayi Jason Wu (Manchu) He Bing Zhang Hongsheng Chen Ning (female) Pang Wei (female) Nie Yijing (female) Xu Chunni (female) Guo Lei Peng Dinghuang (female) Fu Ruoqing Shu Xiaofeng Lei Bo Kun.

  19. Science and technology (67)

  Wang Yongsheng Wang advanced Wang Yuxiang Wang Gaofei Ye Yangsheng Shi Xinxing Feng Liqiong (female, Mongolian) Liu Wenjun Liu Wenchao Liu Donghong (female) Liu Wei Liu Liang Liu Zhenfei Liu Haiming Liu Qingyu Liu Lin (female) Qi Xiangdong Xu Qiang grandson Qiang Su Shaolin Du Yonghong (female, Hui nationality) Du Cuilan (female) Li Ping Li Minji Li Lianrong Li Juan (female) Yang Xu (female) Wu Congxiao (female) Wu Quqing Tong Lizhi (female) Zhang Zhiyong Zhang Jianxi Zhang Lingyun Chen Xiaohua Chen Peng Lin Runhua Lin Jing Luo Aiwu (female, Manchu) Peng Yue Zhou Jiangtian Kelly Y Zhou Zhou Fubao Qu Qingchao Zhao Changshan Zhao Hongfei Zhao Yiwu Zhongzhu Shi Huiyang Jiang Junjie Yao Yugui He Zhiqiang Nie Yiren Qian Zhiguo Qian Jiahong (female) Xu Dongsheng Xu Qing (female) Gao Lufeng Guo Tiande Guo Xiaopeng Huang Yuhong (female) Cao Xiaozhong Xie Shunxing Xie Xiaoliang Zhai Junyi Dai Qionghai Dai Peng Wei Jixiang

  20. Social Sciences (26)

  Ma Yuanying (female) Ma Qiang Wang Minzhong Wang Lei (female) Long Weiqiu Liu Pinghua Liu Ning (female, Manchu) Jiang Zongmeng An Fengde Yang Lihui (female) Yang Zhengjun Yang Zhuhui (female, Dong nationality) Wu Liguang (female, Daur nationality) Wu Ge Shen Teng Zhang Yuxi Zhang Wei (female, Hui nationality) Miao Lin Zhou Lei (female) Zhao Yifan.

  21. Economic circles (63)

  Ding Lixia (female, Hui nationality) Yu Lirong (female) Wang Yongxiang Wang Jinxi Wang Jindong Wang Wujun Wang Guohua Wang Chengjun Bai Wen (Mongolian) Qiao Xiangli Liu Shichun Liu Donghui (Manchu) Liu Anqi (female, Hui nationality) Liu Suoxiang liujing (female) Li Shizhu Li Gang Li Weidong Li Yan (female) Li Li (female) Li Tie Xin Yang Wu Tao Song Fengjing Zhang Wanqi Zhang Yuzhuang Zhang Lingzhang Yougan Zhang Qin (female) Zhang Jianli Zhang Xiaosheng Chen Li Yi (female) Chen Shaolin Chen Daihua Chen Junwei Fan Wenzhong Fan and Xiang Zhijun Luo Wei (female) Zhou Yuan Zheng Yi Zhao Minge Zhao Li (female) Zhao Yan (female) Hu Ligang Yu Huigen Jiang Deyi Qin Hongxia (female) Gu Weida Xu Quansheng Tao Lin (female) Huang Li Huang Xiuhong (female) Huang Yi Chang Yanjun (female) Liang Xinhua (female) Xie Zhengguang Pan Xiuming Huo Haifeng Mu Rongjun Mu Peng Wei Lianwei Wei Yi (female)

  22. Agriculture (22)

  Wang Xiaoxia (female) Wang Yanfang (female) Wang Derived Fu Yujie (female) Rui Yukui Li Yunfu Li Yuli Li Chenggui Yang Jun Wu Yixia (female) Yu Ming Zhang Linna (female) Zhang Xinhui Chen Liping (female) Fan Hong Lang Xiaolei (Manchu) Hu Xinzhi Yao Xuexiang Cao Weidong Dong Min (female) Cheng Wenhua Xue Gang.

  23. Education (55)

  Wang Wenju Wang Fengjuan (female) Wang Haixia (female) Wang Zheng Wen Jirong Fang Fuquan Yin Xiaodong Si Guangya Qiao Dongliang Liu Zhengwei liuhong (female) Liu Yan (female) Yan Yonghong (female) Mai Feng Li Lidong Li Xuhong (female) Li Jianyong Li Yi Li Juan Shen Jie (female) Zhang Dayu Zhang Qiangbin Lin Borong Hang Min (female) Luo Discipline Season (female) Jin Yinghua (female) Korean) Zhou Mingsheng Zheng Xiaoping Zheng Shimin Zhong Zhao Hao Chen Liu Xuexin Yao Guangye Li Zheng Jia Yuge (female) Xia Xinghui (female) Tao Chunmei (female) Cui Tiening (female) Shang Hongling Sui Yan Peng Lianmao Han Baocheng Han Xianzhou Cheng Kai Cheng Yong Chu Guoqing Bao Xinzhong Dou Guimei (female) Liao Ying (female) Tan Tianwei Yan Jiuhong (female) Wei Zhongpeng.

  24. Sports (9)

  Yin Peiyan Liu Yumin Liu Haoyang Li Na (female) Chen Dong Zhao Wen Liu Qianxun (Korean) Yin Donghai Cao Weidong

  25. Press and publication (14)

  Wang Ping Yin Wensheng Ye Zhenzhen Li Wu Li Mingsheng Li Ge Zhang Jinghua (female) Chen Lujun Wu Tianmin Yedda Chiu (Manchu) Zhao Jingyun Xu Renjie Gao Jinhong Teng Shengping (female)

  26. Medical and health sectors (30)

  Yu Baoxin Ma Lishuang (female) Shi Chunbao Zhu Chunmei (female, Mongolian) Liu Qingquan Liu Jingyuan Qi Yue Feng (Mongolian) Guan Zhenpeng Sun Yang Li Hong (female) Li Haichao Li Xianyun (female) Yang Xuefang (female) Shi Jie (female) Wu Chenying (female) wu bin (female) He Yinping (female) Shen Lin (female) Zhang Xiaoyan.

  27. Friendship with foreign countries (12)

  Liu Bo Liu Chunchen Sun Yao Su Hong Wu Xiangren Zhang Yongming Luo Cunkang Hu Bofei (female) Tu Xinquan Han Jian (female) Zang Likun (female) Xiong Jiuling (female)

  28. Social welfare and social security (14)

  Wang Li (female) Wang Jinshan Tian Chunhua (female) Xu Yanli (female) Li Jun (Tujia) Li Hong (female) Li Baofeng Li Fuying (female) Wu Wenyan (female) Zhang Ya (female) Lin Yingzhao Ouyang Tong Zhao Xuesong Han Fengqin (female)

  29. Ethnic minorities (11)

  Liu Baoge (Daur) Liu Qi (female, Hui) Su Faxiang (Tibetan) zingerle Tu (Mongolian) Perhat Khaliq Ynsup (Uygur) Jin Xin (female, Manchu) Meng Chunyan (female, Hui) Namura (female, Ewenki) Lacan (Tibetan) Heidekun (Hui) Cheng Cheng (female, Hui).

  30. Religious circles (14)

  Wang Chengya Wang Chongen (Hui nationality) Shi Huimin Lu Yingci (Hui nationality) Liu Kejie (Hui nationality) Li Shan Li Hua Li Xinjun Zhao Qinglong Hu Xuefeng (Mongolian nationality) Liu Cuimin (female) Yuan Zhihong Chang Jian Chang Cang.

  31. Environmental resources sector (19)

  Yu Hua (female) Sun Aihua (female) Li Feng He Kaitao Min Qingwen Wang Bigang Zhang Jianxin Zhang Yong Chen Qing Chen Tian Meng Wentao Hao Liuliang Liu Xiaolei Huang Miansong (Hui nationality) Han Long Fu Zhibin Xie Haibing Pan Anjun Ju Yang

  32. Specially invited persons (126)

  Yu Xun Ma Lanxia (female, Hui nationality) Ma Hongping (female, Hui nationality) Ma Zhigang Ma Chunling (female) Wang Wenjie Wang Lilian Wang Xu Wang Bo Wang Tao Wang Yanqing Lu Yuming Tian Liyue Feng Guoyou Lu Shijie Zhu Xicai Liu Jiugang Liu Jiwen Liu Guoxun Liu Zexing Liu Baojie Liu Guiming liuyong Liu Deji Yan Weihong Jiang Lan (female) Tang Qinfei Tang Xiaoou Qi Jinli Ruan Peiying (female) Mou Xiaochun (female) Yan Weiqun Li Zhong Li Yongsheng Li Donglan (female) Li Guohong (female). Li Guanyi Li Li Li (female) Li Haoran Li Jiacheng Li Huanjiang Li Huiguang Li Ran (female) Li Jingyi (female) Alex Yang Yang Lishan (female) Lian Wei Wu Kongan Wu Wenping Wu Zhilong Wu Kerui Wu Yaling (female) Kin-Chung Ho He Chaoqiong (female) He Jingfeng Zou Geyin Xin Keli Zhang Yong Bird Zhang Shusen Zhang Xiaolan (female) Zhang Jian Zhang Bo Zhang Yali (female) Zhang Miao Zhang Deqi. Chen Meibao (female) Chen Tao Chen Tingting (female, Tibetan) Shao Xinming Miao Lifeng Lin Dongmei (female) Lin Yanxin Lin Yixin (female) Lin Yaoming Zhou Jingxiao Zhou Yingbo Zheng Yongshun Zheng Huien (female) Zhao Hongsheng Rong Dehong Ke Liang Zhong Baili Shi Ronghuai Hong Dingteng Fei Baoqi He Yalan (female) He Jiandong Mo Qiming Suo Yijun Jia Jiaya Xu Shengheng Xu Yuxi Xu Guizhong Xu Ying Ling Junjie. Guo Jihong Xi Chengpo Tao Kuangchun Tao Chuanming Huang Dalun Yongguang Huang Kang Huaihai Tu Jianying (female) Jiang Dongqiang Cheng Changhong Cheng Yan (female) Zeng Anye Zeng Shunfu Xie Chengrun Bao Xiaojian (female) Cai Zhiting (female) Guan Haoming Liao Jingmei (female) Liao Yijian De Lihua (female, Manchu) Yan Yizhen (female) Xue Guoqiang Wei Guangxun.

7 categories of mainstream 3D printing technologies, all of which can be understood.

Many people think that 3D printing is to extrude materials from hot nozzles and stack them into shapes, but in fact 3D printing is far more than that! Today, Antarctic Bear will introduce seven kinds of 3D printing processes. Even 3D printing can clearly distinguish different 3D printing processes.

In fact, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a general term, covering several completely different 3D printing processes. These technologies are worlds apart, but the key process is the same. For example, all 3D printing starts with a digital model, because the technology is digital in nature. Parts or products are originally electronic files designed by computer aided design (CAD) software or obtained from digital parts library. Then the design file is decomposed into slices or layers by special construction preparation software for 3D printing, and the path instructions to be followed by the 3D printer are generated. Next, you will understand the differences between these technologies and the typical uses of each technology.

Why are there seven types?

The types of additive manufacturing can be classified according to the products they produce or the types of materials they use, and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) divides them into seven general types (but these seven 3D printing categories can hardly cover more and more technical sub-types and mixed technologies). :

● Material extrusion

● Reduction polymerization

● Powder bed fusion

● Material spraying

● Adhesive spraying

● Directed energy deposition

● Sheet lamination

First, material extrusion

△ Material extrusion 3D printing

Material extrusion as the name implies: material is extruded through a nozzle. Usually, this material is a plastic filament, which is melted and extruded through a heated nozzle. The printer places materials on the building platform along the process path obtained by software. The filament then cools and solidifies to form a solid object. This is the most common form of 3D printing. At first glance, it sounds simple, but considering the extruded materials, including plastics, metals, concrete, bio-gel and various foods, it is actually a very broad category. The price of this type of 3D printer ranges from $100 to seven figures.

● Subtypes of material extrusion: fused deposition modeling (FDM), building 3D printing, micro 3D printing and biological 3D printing.

● Materials: plastic, metal, food, concrete, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (lower limit: ±0.5mm)

● Common applications: prototype, electrical enclosure, shape and fit test, fixture and fixture, investment casting model, house, etc.

● Advantages: 3D printing method with the lowest cost and wide range of materials.

● Disadvantages: Generally, the material performance is low (strength, durability, etc.), and the dimensional accuracy is usually not high.

1. Fused Deposition Molding (FDM)

△FDM parts can be made of metal or plastic on various 3D printers.

FDM 3D printer is a multi-billion dollar market with thousands of machines, ranging from basic models to complex models of manufacturers. The FDM machine is called Fuse Manufacturing (FFF), which is exactly the same technology. Like all 3D printing technologies, FDM starts with a digital model and then converts it into a path that a 3D printer can follow. Using FDM, one filament (or several filaments at a time) on the bobbin is loaded into a 3D printer and then sent to the printer nozzle in the extrusion head. The nozzle or nozzles of the printer are heated to the required temperature to soften the filament, thus connecting successive layers to form a solid part.

When the printer moves the extrusion head along the specified coordinates on the XY plane, it will continue to lay the first layer. Then the extrusion head rises to the next height (Z plane), and the process of printing the cross section is repeated, building layer by layer until the object is fully formed. Depending on the geometry of the object, it is sometimes necessary to add a support structure to support the model when printing, for example, if the model has a steep overhang. These supports are removed after printing. Some supporting structure materials can be dissolved in water or another solution.

△FDM 3D printers provide a wide range of machines for amateurs, small businesses and manufacturers (sources: Creality, Raise3D, Stratasys).

2.3D biological printing

△3D bio-printing is similar to traditional 3D printing, but the raw materials are quite different.

3D biological printing or biological 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process in which organic or biological materials (such as living cells and nutrients) are combined to create a natural three-dimensional structure similar to tissues. In other words, bioprinting is a kind of 3D printing, which can produce anything from bone tissues and blood vessels to living tissues. It is used in various medical research and applications, including tissue engineering, drug testing and development, and innovative regenerative medicine therapy. The actual definition of 3D bioprinting is still developing. Essentially, the working principle of 3D bio-printing is similar to FDM 3D printing, and it belongs to the material extrusion series. (Although extrusion is not the only bio-printing method)

3D bio-printing uses the material (bio-ink) discharged from the needle to create a printed layer. These materials, called bio-inks, are mainly composed of living substances, such as cells in carrier materials, such as collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, silk, alginate or nano-cellulose, which serve as molecular scaffolds for structural growth and nutrients.

3. Building 3D printing

△ Building 3D printing

Building 3D printing is a rapidly developing field of material extrusion. This technology involves the use of super-large 3D printers (usually up to tens of meters) to extrude building materials such as concrete from nozzles. These machines usually appear in the form of gantry or robotic arm systems. 3D architectural printing technology is now used in residential buildings, architectural features and construction projects from wells to walls. Some researchers say that it may significantly change the whole construction industry, because it reduces the demand for labor and construction waste.

There are dozens of 3D printed houses in the United States and Europe, and 3D building technology is being researched and developed, which will use materials found on the moon and Mars to build habitats for future expeditions. Printing with local soil instead of concrete as a more sustainable building method has also attracted attention.

Second, reduction polymerization

△ Reduction polymerization using laser

Barrel polymerization (also known as resin 3D printing) is a series of 3D printing processes, which uses a light source to selectively cure (or harden) photopolymer resin in a barrel. In other words, light is precisely directed at a specific point or area of liquid plastic to harden it. After the first layer is cured, the building platform will move up or down (depending on the printer) by a small amount (usually between 0.01 and 0.05 mm), and the next layer will be cured and connected with the previous layer. This process is repeated layer by layer until a 3D part is formed. After the 3D printing process is completed, the object is cleaned to remove the remaining liquid resin and post-cured (in the sun or ultraviolet room) to enhance the mechanical properties of the parts.

The three most common forms of barrel polymerization are stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA). The fundamental difference between these types of 3D printing technologies lies in the light source and the way it is used to cure the resin.

△ vats polymerization uses light to harden photosensitive resin layer by layer.

Some 3D printer manufacturers, especially those that manufacture professional 3D printers, have developed unique and patented photopolymerization variants, so you may see different technical names in the market. Carbon, an industrial 3D printer manufacturer, uses a barrel polymerization technology called Digital Photosynthesis (DLS), Origin of Stratasys calls it Programmable Photopolymerization (P3), Formlabs provides a technology called Low-Force Stereolithography (LFS), and Azul 3D is the first to commercialize the barrel polymerization in the form of large-area rapid printing (HARP). There are also photolithography-based metal manufacturing (LMM), projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) and digital composite manufacturing (DCM), which is a technology of filling photopolymer and can introduce functional additives (such as metal and ceramic fibers) into liquid resin.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Stereolithography (SLA), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Micro Stereolithography (μSLA), etc.

● Material: photopolymer resin (castable, transparent, industrial, biocompatible, etc.)

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.5% (the lower limit is 0.15mm or 5nm, using μSLA).

● Common applications: injection molding polymer prototypes and end-use parts, jewelry casting, dental applications, consumer goods.

● Advantages: smooth surface finish and fine feature details.

1. Stereolithography (SLA)

△ Stereolithography (SLA) Examples of SLA 3D printing from 3D Systems, DWS and Formlabs.

SLA is the first 3D printing technology in the world. Stereolithography was invented by Chuck Hull in 1986. He applied for a patent for this technology and set up 3D Systems Company to commercialize it. Today, this technology can be used by enthusiasts and professionals from many 3D printer manufacturers. SLA uses laser beam to aim at a barrel of resin, selectively solidifies the cross section of the object in the printing area, and builds it layer by layer. When most SLA printers use solid-state lasers to cure components. One disadvantage of this barrel polymerization is that compared with our next method (DLP), the point laser may take longer to track the cross section of the object, and the latter will flash light to immediately harden the whole layer. However, laser can produce stronger light, which is required by some engineering-grade resins.

△SLA 3D printer uses one or more lasers to track and cure a single layer of resin at one time.

Micro-stereolithography (μSLA)

Micro-stereolithography technology can print micro-parts, and the resolution is between 2 microns (μm) and 50 microns. For reference, the average width of human hair is 75 microns. It is one of the "micro 3D printing" technologies. μSLA involves exposing photosensitive material (liquid resin) to ultraviolet laser. The difference lies in the special resin, the complexity of laser and the addition of lens, which will produce almost incredible small light spots.

△Nanoscribe and Microlight3D are two leading manufacturers of TPP 3D printers (source: Nanoscribe and Microlight3D).

Two-photon polymerization (TPP)

Another micro 3D printing technology, TPP (also called 2PP), can be classified as SLA, because it also uses laser and photosensitive resin, and it can print parts smaller than μSLA, as small as 0.1 micron. TPP uses pulsed femtosecond laser to focus on a narrow spot in a large barrel of special resin. This point is then used to cure a single 3D pixel, also called a voxel, in the resin. By curing these nano-scale to micron-scale voxels layer by layer in a predefined path. TPP is currently used in research, medical applications and the manufacture of micro parts, such as microelectrodes and optical sensors.

△ Micro 3D printing: TPP technology

2. Digital Light Processing (DLP)

△ DLP 3D printing parts of △Anycubic, Carbon and ETEC

DLP 3D printing uses a digital light projector (instead of a laser) to flash a single image of each layer on a layer or resin at the same time (or to expose a larger part for multiple times). DLP (more common than SLA) is used to produce larger parts or larger parts in a single batch, because no matter how many parts are in construction, each layer needs exactly the same exposure time, which is more efficient than the point laser method in SLA. The image of each layer consists of square pixels, resulting in a layer formed by small rectangular blocks called voxels. Light is projected onto the resin using a light emitting diode (LED) screen or a UV light source (lamp) and onto the construction surface through a digital micromirror device (DMD).

△ Digital Light Processing (DLP) resin 3D printer has a hobby version and a complete manufacturing machine.

Modern DLP projectors usually have thousands of micron-sized LEDs as light sources. Their on-off states are independently controlled, which can improve the XY resolution. Not all DLP 3D printers are the same. The power of light source, the lens it passes through, the quality of DMD and many other parts that make up a machine worth 300 dollars are quite different compared with a machine worth more than 200,000 dollars.

Top-down DLP

The light source of some DLP 3D printers is installed on the top of the printer, and shines down on the resin barrel instead of up. These "top-down" machines flash one layer of images from the top, curing one layer at a time, and then put the cured layer back in the vat. Every time the building board is lowered, the recoating machine installed at the top of the vat will move back and forth on the resin to level the new layer. According to the manufacturer, because the printing process will not resist gravity, this method can produce more stable parts output for larger prints. There is a limit to how much weight can be hung vertically from the building board when printing from bottom to top. The resin barrel also supports printed parts during printing, which reduces the need for supporting structures.

△BMF’s MicroArch S230 can print detailed parts of polymers or ceramics as small as 2 microns (source: BMF).

Projection microlithography (PμSL)

As a unique type of barrel aggregation itself, PμSL is classified as a subcategory of DLP. This is another micro 3D printing technology. PμSL uses ultraviolet rays from the projector to cure the specially formulated resin layer in micron scale (2 micron resolution and as low as 5 micron height). This additive manufacturing technology is developing continuously because of its low cost, accuracy, speed and the range of materials (including polymers, biomaterials and ceramics). It has shown the application potential from microfluidic and tissue engineering to micro-optics and biomedical micro-devices.

Metal Manufacturing Based on Lithography (LMM)

This is another "distant relative" of DLP. This method of 3D printing using light and resin can create tiny metal parts for applications such as surgical tools and micromechanical parts. In LMM, metal powder is uniformly dispersed in photosensitive resin, and then selectively polymerized by blue light exposure through a projector. After printing, the polymer components of the blank parts are removed, leaving all-metal degreased parts, which are completed in the sintering process in the furnace. Raw materials include stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, brass, copper, silver and gold.

△ Micro-metal 3d printing parts made on Incus 3D printing with LMM technology.

3. Liquid crystal display (LCD)

△ LCD 3D printing components from Elegoo, Photocentric and Nexa3D.

Liquid crystal display (LCD), also known as mask stereolithography (MSLA), is very similar to the above DLP, except that it uses LCD screen instead of digital micromirror device (DMD), which has a significant impact on the price of 3D printer. Like DLP, LCD photomask is digitally displayed and consists of square pixels. The pixel size of LCD photomask determines the granularity of printing. Therefore, the XY accuracy is fixed and does not depend on the zoom or zoom degree of the lens, just like DLP. Another difference between DLP printers and LCD technology is that the latter uses an array of hundreds of individual emitters instead of a single point emitting light source like a laser diode or DLP bulb.

△ Today, LCD resin 3D printing technology is shifting from consumer machines to industrial machines.

Similar to DLP, LCD can achieve faster printing time than SLA under some conditions. This is because the whole layer is exposed at one time instead of tracking the cross-sectional area with a laser spot. Due to the low cost of LCD unit, this technology has become the first choice in the field of low-cost desktop resin printers, but this does not mean that it has not been used professionally. Some industrial 3D printer manufacturers are breaking through the technical limits and achieving remarkable results.

Third, powder bed fusion

△ Powder bed fusion

Powder bed fusion (PBF) is a 3D printing process, in which a thermal energy source selectively melts powder particles (plastic, metal or ceramic) in a construction area to create solid objects layer by layer. Powder bed fusion 3D printer spreads a thin layer of powder material on the printing bed, usually using a blade, roller or wiper. The energy from the laser fuses a specific point on the powder layer, and then another powder layer is deposited and fused to the previous layer. This process is repeated until the whole object is manufactured, and the final product is wrapped and supported by unmelted powder.

△ Metal laser powder bed fusion process

PBF can manufacture parts with high mechanical properties (including strength, wear resistance and durability) for the end use of consumer goods, machinery and tools. 3D printers in this market segment are getting cheaper and cheaper (starting at around $25,000), but it is considered as an industrial technology.

● Types of 3D printing technology: selective laser sintering (SLS), laser powder bed melting (LPBF) and electron beam melting (EBM).

● Materials: plastic powder, metal powder and ceramic powder.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.3% (lower limit: ±0.3mm)

● Common applications: production of functional parts, complex pipes (hollow design) and small batch parts.

● Advantages: functional components, excellent mechanical properties, complex geometry.

● Disadvantages: The cost of the machine is high, usually high-cost materials, and the construction speed is slow.

1. Selective laser sintering (SLS)

△ SLS 3D printing parts of △Sinterit

Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses lasers to make objects from plastic powder. First, a box of polymer powder is heated to a temperature just below the melting point of the polymer. A very thin layer of powder material (usually 0.1 mm thick) is then deposited on the building platform using a recoating blade or wiper. The laser begins to scan the surface according to the pattern arranged in the digital model. The laser selectively sintered the powder and solidified the cross section of the object. When scanning the whole cross section, the building platform moves down one layer in height. The recoating blade deposits a new layer of powder on the recently scanned layer, and the laser sinter the next cross section of the object onto the previously solidified cross section.

△ SLS 3D printing parts can be dusted and cleaned manually or automatically.

Repeat these steps until all objects are made. The unsintered powder remains in place to support the object, which reduces or eliminates the need for supporting structures. After the parts are taken out of the powder bed and cleaned, there is no need for other necessary post-treatment steps. Parts can be polished, coated or colored. There are many differentiation factors between SL3D printers, including not only their size, but also the power and quantity of laser, the spot size of laser, the time and mode of heating bed and the distribution mode of powder. The most common materials in SL3D printing are nylon (PA6, PA12), but flexible parts can also be printed with TPU and other materials.

△SLS 3D printer uses polymer powder and laser to form solid parts.

2. Micro-selective laser sintering (μSLS)

μSLS belongs to SLS or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) described below. It uses laser to sinter powdery materials, such as SLS, but this material is usually metal rather than plastic, so it is more like LPBF. It is another micro 3D printing technology, which can create parts with micro (less than 5 μm) resolution.

△ Metal 3D MicroPrinting from 3D microprint

In μSLS, a layer of metal nanoparticle ink is coated on the substrate and then dried to produce a uniform nanoparticle layer. Next, the laser patterned with the digital micromirror array is used to heat the nanoparticles and sinter them into a desired pattern. This set of steps is then repeated to build each layer of the 3D component in the μSLS system.

3. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)

△ Xact Metal test piece showing SLM accuracy (source: Xact Metal)

In all 3D printing technologies, this item has the most aliases. The formal name of this metal 3D printing method is laser powder bed melting (LPBF), which is also widely known as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser melting (SLM). In the early days of this technology development, machine manufacturers created their own names for the same process, and these names have been used to this day. In particular, these three terms refer to the same process, even though some mechanical details are different.

As a sub-type of powder bed fusion, LPBF uses a metal powder bed and one or more (up to 12) high-power lasers. LPBF 3D printer uses laser to selectively fuse metal powder layer by layer on a molecular basis until the model is completed. LPBF is a highly accurate 3D printing method, which is usually used to create complex metal parts for aerospace, medical and industrial applications.

△Sandvik’s LPBF metal 3D printing

Like SLS, LPBF 3D printers start with a digital model divided into slices. The printer loads the powder into the building chamber, and then spreads it into a thin layer on the building board with a scraper (such as a windshield wiper) or a roller. The laser tracks the layer onto the powder. Then the building platform moves down, and then a layer of powder is coated and blended with the first layer until the whole object is built. The building chamber is closed and sealed, and in many cases it is filled with inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon mixture, to ensure that the metal will not be oxidized during the melting process and help to remove the debris during the melting process. After printing, the parts are taken out of the powder bed, cleaned and often subjected to secondary heat treatment to eliminate stress. The remaining powder is recycled.

The differentiation factors of LPBF 3D printer include the type, intensity and quantity of lasers. A small compact LPBF printer may have one 30-watt laser, while the industrial version may have 12 1,000-watt lasers. LPBF machines use common engineering alloys, such as stainless steel, nickel superalloy and titanium alloy. Dozens of metals can be used in LPBF process.

△ LPBF 3D printers from One Click Metal, Farsoon and Kurtz Ersa.

3. Electron beam melting (EBM)

△ electron beam melting (EBM)

EBM, also known as Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB PBF), is a metal 3D printing method similar to LPBF, but using electron beam instead of fiber laser. This technology is used to manufacture parts, such as titanium orthopedic implants, turbine blades of jet engines and copper coils.

Electron beams generate more energy and heat, which are needed by some metals and applications. Moreover, EBM is not an inert gas environment, but is carried out in a vacuum chamber to prevent light beam scattering. The temperature of the building chamber can reach up to 1,000 °C, and even higher in some cases. Because the electron beam is controlled by electromagnetic beam, it moves faster than laser, and can even be separated to expose multiple areas at the same time.

△ Electron beam melting (EBM) metal 3D printers from JEOL, GE Additive and Wayland Additive.

One of the advantages of EBM over LPBF is that it can handle conductive materials and reflective metals such as copper. Another feature of EBM is that individual components can be nested or stacked in the building room, because they do not necessarily have to be connected to the building board, which greatly increases the volume output. Compared with laser, electron beam usually produces larger layer thickness and rougher surface features. Due to the high temperature in the building room, EBM printing parts may not need to be heat-treated after printing to relieve stress.

Fourth, material spraying

△ material injection

Material ejection is a 3D printing process in which tiny droplets of material are deposited and then solidified or solidified on the building board. Use photopolymer or wax droplets that will cure when exposed to light to build objects one layer at a time. The nature of the material spraying process allows different materials to be printed on the same object. One application of this technology is to manufacture parts with various colors and textures.

● Types of 3D printing technology: material ejection (MJ) and nanoparticle ejection (NPJ)

● Material: photosensitive resin (standard, pouring, transparent, high temperature resistant), wax.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: full-color product prototypes, prototypes similar to injection molds, low-running injection molds, medical models, and fashion.

● Advantages: textured surface finish, full color and various materials available.

● Disadvantages: Limited materials are not suitable for mechanical parts requiring precision, and the cost is higher than other resin technologies used for visual purposes.

1. material injection (M-Jet)

△Stratasys’s material jet 3D printing parts

Material jet of polymer (M-Jet) is a 3D printing process, in which a layer of photosensitive resin is selectively deposited on the building board and cured by ultraviolet (UV). After one layer is deposited and solidified, the building platform reduces the thickness of one layer, and the process is repeated to build 3D objects. M-Jet combines the high precision of resin 3D printing with the speed of wire 3D printing (FDM) to create parts and prototypes with realistic colors and textures.

All material jet 3D printing technologies are not exactly the same. There are differences between printer manufacturers and proprietary materials. M-Jet machines deposit building materials from multiple rows of print heads in a line-by-line manner. This method enables the printer to manufacture multiple objects on a line without affecting the construction speed. As long as the models are arranged correctly on the construction platform and the space in each construction line is optimized, M-Jet can produce parts faster than many other types of resin 3D printers.

△ Material jet 3D printers from Stratasys, DP Polar/3D Systems and Mimaki.

The object made by M-Jet needs support, and it is printed by soluble materials at the same time during the construction process, which is removed in the post-processing stage. M-Jet is one of the few 3D printing technologies, which can provide objects made of multi-material printing and full color. There is no amateur version of the material jet machine. These machines are more suitable for professionals of automobile manufacturers, industrial design companies, art studios, hospitals and all kinds of product manufacturers. They want to create accurate prototypes to test concepts and bring products to market faster. Unlike barrel polymerization technology, M-Jet does not need post-curing, because the ultraviolet rays in the printer will completely cure each layer.

Aerosol jet

Aerosol Jet is a unique technology developed by a company named Optomec, which is mainly used for 3D printing electronic products. Components such as resistors, capacitors, antennas, sensors and thin film transistors are printed by aerosol spraying technology. It can be roughly compared to painting, but it is different from industrial coating process in that it can be used to print complete 3D objects.

Put the electronic ink into the atomizer, which will produce droplets with a diameter between 1 and 5 microns. Then the aerosol mist is transported to the deposition head and focused by the sheath gas, thus producing a high-speed particle spray. Because the whole process uses energy, this technology is sometimes called directional energy deposition, but because the material is in the form of droplets in this case, we include it in the material injection.

Plastic free forming

Arburg, a German company, has created a technology called plastic freeform molding (APF), which is a combination of extrusion technology and material injection technology. It uses commercially available plastic particles, which are melted in the injection molding process and moved to the unloading unit. The closing of the high-frequency nozzle produces a rapid opening and closing movement of up to 200 plastic droplets with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.4 mm per second. The droplets combine with the hardened material when cooling. Generally speaking, no post-treatment is needed. If supporting materials are used, they must be removed.

2. Nanoparticle Jet (NPJ)

△ Metal parts created by using nanoparticle injection technology and XJet 3D printer.

NanoParticle Jetting (NPJ) is one of the few proprietary technologies that are difficult to classify. It was developed by a company named XJet. It uses a printhead array with thousands of inkjet nozzles to spray millions of ultrafine material droplets onto the ultra-thin building tray at the same time, and simultaneously spray supporting materials. Metal or ceramic particles are suspended in a liquid. This process takes place at high temperature, and the liquid evaporates when spraying, leaving mostly metal or ceramic materials. Only a small amount of adhesive remains in the generated 3D parts, and these adhesives are removed in the post-sintering treatment.

V. Adhesive spraying

△ adhesive spraying

Adhesive spraying is a 3D printing process in which liquid adhesive selectively adheres to areas of a layer of powder. This technology type has the characteristics of powder bed fusion and material injection. Similar to PBF, adhesive spraying uses powder materials (metal, plastic, ceramics, wood, sugar, etc.), and like material spraying, liquid adhesive polymer is deposited from an inkjet. Whether it is metal, plastic, sand or other powder materials, the adhesive spraying process is the same.

First, the recoating blade coats a thin layer of powder on the building platform. Then, a print head with an inkjet nozzle passes over the bed and selectively deposits adhesive droplets to bond the powder particles together. After the layer is completed, the building platform moves down and the blade recoats the surface. Then repeat the process until the whole part is completed.

Adhesive spraying is unique in that there is no heat in the printing process. The binder acts as glue that binds the polymer powders together. After printing, the parts are wrapped in unused powder, which usually remains for curing. Then the parts are taken out of the powder bin, and the excess powder is collected and can be reused. From here on, according to different materials, post-treatment is needed, except for sand, which can usually be directly used as cores or molds from printers. When the powder is metal or ceramic, the post-treatment involving heating will melt the binder, leaving only the metal. Post-treatment of plastic parts usually includes coating to improve surface finish. You can also polish, paint and grind the polymer adhesive spraying parts.

The adhesive has high spraying speed and high productivity, so it can produce a large number of parts more economically and efficiently than other AM methods. Metal adhesive spraying can be used for a variety of metals and is very popular in end-use consumer goods, tools and bulk spare parts. However, the material selection of polymer adhesive injection is limited, and the structural performance of the produced parts is low. Its value lies in being able to make full-color prototypes and models.

● Subtypes of 3D printing technology: metal adhesive spraying, polymer adhesive spraying and sand adhesive spraying.

● Material: sand, polymer, metal, ceramics, etc.

● Dimensional accuracy: 0.2 mm (metal) or 0.3 mm (sand)

● Common applications: functional metal parts, full-color models, sand castings and molds.

● Advantages: low cost, large building volume, functional metal parts, excellent color reproduction, fast printing speed and unsupported design flexibility.

Disadvantages: It is a multi-step process for metals, and polymer parts are not durable.

1. Metal adhesive spraying

△ HP stainless steel 3D printing parts using metal spraying technology

Binder Jetting can also be used to manufacture solid metal objects with complex geometries, which is far beyond the capabilities of traditional manufacturing technologies. Metal adhesive spraying is a very attractive technology, which can be used to mass-produce metal parts and realize lightweight. Since adhesive spraying can print parts with complex patterns instead of solids, the weight of the parts obtained is greatly reduced, but the strength remains unchanged. The porosity characteristics of adhesive injection can also be used to realize lighter end parts for medical applications, such as implants.

Generally speaking, the material properties of metal binder sprayed parts are equivalent to those of metal parts produced by metal injection molding, and it is one of the most widely used manufacturing methods in mass production of metal parts. In addition, the adhesive spraying parts show higher surface smoothness, especially in the internal channels.

△ Metal adhesive jet 3D printer produces fine solid metal parts for end-use applications.

Metal adhesive spraying parts need secondary processing after printing to obtain good mechanical properties. Just coming out of the printer, the parts are basically composed of metal particles bonded together with polymer adhesives. These so-called "green parts" are too fragile to be used as they are. After the printed parts are taken out of the metal powder bed (called the process of powder removal), they will be heat-treated in the furnace (called the process of sintering). Both printing parameters and sintering parameters are adjusted according to the geometry, material and required density of specific parts. Bronze or other metals are sometimes used to penetrate the voids in the adhesive spraying parts, thus achieving zero porosity.

2. Plastic adhesive spraying

△ Plastic adhesive spraying

Plastic adhesive spraying is a process very similar to metal adhesive spraying, because it also uses powder and liquid adhesive, but its application is quite different. After printing, plastic parts will be taken out of their powder beds and cleaned, and usually can be used without further treatment, but these parts lack the strength and durability in the 3D printing process. The plastic adhesive spraying part can be filled with another material to improve the strength. Using polymers for adhesive spraying can produce multicolor parts for medical modeling and product prototyping.

3. Sand binder spraying

△ sand binder injection

Sand adhesive spraying and plastic adhesive spraying are different in printer and printing process, so they are distinguished here. Producing large sand casting molds, molds and cores is one of the most common uses of adhesive injection technology. The low cost and speed of this process make it an excellent solution for foundry, because it is difficult to produce fine pattern designs in a few hours with traditional technology.

The future of industrial development constantly puts high demands on foundries and suppliers. Sand 3D printing is at the beginning of its potential. After printing, the printer needs to remove the cores and molds from the construction area and clean them to remove any loose sand. The mold can usually be ready for casting immediately. After casting, the mold is disassembled and the final metal parts are removed.

4. Multi-jet fusion (MJF)

△ BASF and HP cooperated to develop a new industrial grade polypropylene for MJF.

Another unique and brand-specific 3D printing process, which is not easy to fall into any existing category, is actually not adhesive spraying, and this is HP’s Multi Jet Fusion. MJF is a polymer 3D printing technology, which uses powder materials, liquid fusion materials and refiners. The reason why it is not considered as adhesive spraying is that the heat is increased in this process, which will produce parts with higher strength and durability, and the liquid is not completely adhesive. The name of this process comes from multiple inkjet heads that perform the printing process.

In the process of Multi Jet Fusion printing, the printer lays a layer of material powder, usually nylon, on the printing bed. After that, the inkjet head passes through the powder and deposits a melting agent and a refining agent on it. Then the infrared heating device moves on the printed matter. No matter where the flux is added, the lower layers will melt together, while the areas with refiners will remain powdery. The powdery part falls off to produce the required geometry. This also eliminates the need for modeling support, because lower layers support layers printed on them. In order to complete the printing process, the whole powder bed and the printing parts in it are moved to a single processing station, and most of the loose unmelted powder is evacuated and can be reused.

Multi Jet Fusion is a multifunctional technology, which has been applied in many industries such as automobile, medical care and consumer goods.

△HP Jet Fusion 5200 series is one of the many sizes and styles of HP Multi Jet Fusion 3D printer (source: HP).

Six, powder directional energy deposition

Directional Energy Deposition (DED) is a 3D printing process. Metal materials are supplied and melted by powerful energy while being deposited. This is one of the most extensive 3D printing categories, including many subcategories, depending on the material form (wire or powder) and energy type (laser, electron beam, arc, supersonic, heat, etc.). Essentially, it has a lot in common with welding.

This technology is used for layer-by-layer printing, usually followed by CNC machining to achieve stricter tolerances. The combination of DED and CNC is very common. There is a sub-type of 3D printing called hybrid 3D printing, which contains a hybrid 3D printer with DED and CNC units in the same machine. This technology is considered to be a faster and cheaper substitute for small-batch metal castings and forgings, as well as a key maintenance for offshore oil and gas industries, aerospace, power generation and utilities.

△DED metal 3D printing technology can quickly create a solid metal part, and then it can be processed to strict tolerances.

● Subtypes of directional energy deposition: powder laser energy deposition, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), wire electron beam energy deposition and cold spraying.

● Materials: various metals, wires and powder forms.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: repairing high-end automotive/aerospace components, functional prototypes and final components.

● Advantages: high stacking rate, and the ability to add metal to existing components.

● Disadvantages: Because the supporting structure cannot be made, it is impossible to make complex shapes, and the surface smoothness and accuracy are usually poor.

1. Laser directed energy deposition

△ 3D printing metal using laser and powder metal

Laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED), also known as laser metal deposition (LMD) or laser engineering net shaping (LENS), uses metal powder or metal wire sent through one or more nozzles and melted by powerful laser to build platforms or metal parts. With the movement of nozzle and laser or the movement of parts on the multi-axis turntable, objects will be piled up layer by layer. The construction speed is faster than that of powder bed melting, but it will lead to the decrease of surface quality and precision, and usually requires a lot of post-processing. Laser DED printers usually have a sealed chamber filled with argon to avoid oxidation. When dealing with less reactive metals, they can also operate with only local argon or nitrogen.

Metals commonly used in this process include stainless steel, titanium and nickel alloy. This printing method is usually used to repair high-end aviation and automobile parts, such as jet engine blades, but it is also used to produce whole parts.

△Meltio M450 wire feeding laser DED 3D printer, Optomec LENS CS 600 metal powder feeding laser DED 3D printer and DMG Mori Lasertec 65 DED powder feeding laser DED 3D printer.

2. Electron beam directional energy deposition

△ electron beam DED 3D printing

Electron beam DED, also known as linear electron beam energy deposition, is a 3D printing process very similar to laser DED. It is carried out in a vacuum chamber and can produce very clean and high-quality metals. When a wire passes through one or more nozzles, it will be melted by the electron beam. The layer is constructed separately, the electron beam forms a tiny molten pool, and the welding wire is fed into the molten pool by a wire feeder. When dealing with high-performance metals and active metals (such as copper, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloy), electron beam is selected for DED.

DED machines are virtually unlimited in print size. For example, Sciaky, a 3D printer manufacturer, has an EB DED machine that can produce parts nearly 6 meters long at a speed of 3 to 9 kilograms of materials per hour. Electron beam DED is touted as one of the fastest methods to manufacture metal parts, although it is not the most accurate, which makes it an ideal machining technology to build large structures (such as fuselage) or replace parts (such as turbine blades).

△ 3D printing of wire by electron beam deposition

3. Line-controlled energy deposition

△Gefertec arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) printing

Wire Directed Energy Deposition, also known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is a kind of 3D printing, which uses energy in the form of plasma or arc to melt the metal in the form of wire, and deposits the metal layer by layer on a surface, such as a multi-axis turntable, to form a shape by a robotic arm. This method is chosen instead of the similar technology of laser or electron beam because it does not need a sealed chamber and can use the same metal (sometimes the same material) as traditional welding.

Direct energy deposition is considered to be the most cost-effective choice in DED technology, which can use the existing arc welding robot and power supply, so the entry threshold is relatively low. But unlike welding, this technology uses complex software to control a series of variables in the process, including the thermal management of the robot arm and the tool path. This technology has no supporting structure to be removed, and the finished parts are usually CNC machined when necessary to achieve strict tolerance or surface polishing.

△Gefertec and WAAM3D’s line arc additive manufacturing 3D printer.

4. Cold spraying

△ cold spraying

Cold spraying is a DE3D printing technology, which sprays metal powder at supersonic speed to combine them without melting, and hardly produces thermal cracks or thermal stress. Since the early 2000s, it has been used as a coating process, but recently, several companies have used cold spraying for additive manufacturing, because it can print at a speed 50 to 100 times higher than that of a typical metal 3D process and does not require inert gas or vacuum chamber.

Like all DED processes, cold spraying will not produce prints with good surface quality or details, but the parts can be used directly from the printing bed.

5. Melting direct energy deposition

△ Melting Direct Energy Deposition: Aluminum parts printed by ElemX 3D liquid metal of Xerox.

Melting direct energy deposition is a 3D printing process, which uses heat to melt metal (usually aluminum) and then deposits it layer by layer on the building board to form 3D objects. The difference between this technology and metal extrusion 3D printing is that metal raw materials containing a small amount of polymer are used for extrusion, so that the metal can be extruded. Then the polymer is removed in the heat treatment stage, and pure metal is used to melt DED. One can also compare molten or liquid DED to material injection, but instead of a series of nozzles to deposit droplets, liquid metal usually flows out from the nozzles.

Variants of this technology are being developed, and molten metal 3D printers are rare. The advantage of using heat to melt and then deposit metal is that it can use less energy than other DED processes, and it is possible to directly use recycled metal as raw material instead of metal wire or highly processed metal powder.

VII. Lamination of sheets

△ Sheet lamination

Sheet lamination is technically a form of 3D printing, which is quite different from the above technologies. Its function is to stack and laminate very thin pieces of material together to create 3D objects or stacks, and then cut them by machinery or laser to form the final shape. The layers of materials can be fused together in a variety of ways, including heating and sound, depending on the material, ranging from paper to polymer to metal. When the parts are laminated and then laser cut or processed into the required shape, it will produce more waste than other 3D printing technologies.

Manufacturers use sheet lamination to produce cost-effective non-functional prototypes at a relatively high speed, which can be used in battery technology and composite materials, because the materials used can be interchanged in the printing process.

● Types of 3D printing technology: Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC)

● Materials: paper, polymer and sheet metal.

● Dimensional accuracy: ±0.1 mm

● Common applications: non-functional prototyping, multi-color printing and casting.

● Advantages: rapid production and compound printing.

● Disadvantages: low precision, much waste, and some parts need post-production.

Laminated additive manufacturing

△ Laminated additive manufacturing

Lamination is a 3D printing technology, in which sheets of materials are laminated and glued together, and then the layered objects are cut into the correct shape with a knife (or laser or CNC router). This technology is less common nowadays, because the cost of other 3D printing technologies has decreased, and the speed and ease of use have greatly increased.

△BCN3D viscous lithography manufacturing (VLM) 3D printing process using resin (source: BCN3D)

Viscosity lithography (VLM): VLM is a patented 3D printing process of BCN3D, which can laminate a thin layer of high-viscosity photosensitive resin onto a transparent transfer film. The mechanical system allows the resin to be laminated from both sides of the film, so that different resins can be combined to obtain a multi-material part and an easily detachable support structure. This technology has not been commercialized, but it can also belong to one of the laminated 3D printing technologies.

Composite-based additive manufacturing (CBAM):Startup Impossible Objects applied for a patent for this technology, which combines carbon, glass or Kevlar mats with thermoplastics to manufacture parts.

Selective Laminated Composite Manufacturing (SLCOM): Envision Tec, now called ETEC, owned by Desktop Metal, developed this technology in 2016, which uses thermoplastics as the base material and woven fiber composite.

Note: There are many kinds of 3D printing technologies. These are the seven most common additive manufacturing technologies in 3D printing, which do not cover all 3D printing technologies in the market.

Original title: "7 mainstream 3D printing technologies, all of which can be understood"

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The 26th Shanghai International Film Festival closed, and Huang Xiaoming won the best actor.


Special feature of 1905 film network On the evening of June 22nd, the 26th Shanghai International Film Festival officially came to an end, and Golden Goblet Awards awards were grandly announced. Host of movie channel, partner Lin Hai, presiding over the ceremony.

Kazakh film won the best film, Argentine film won the jury award, and director Bakur Bakuradze won the best director award. Omalova Milla won the best actress for the film Snow in the Courtyard.

China actors won the Best Actor Award for their films. The jury said, "In such an easily labeled role, an actor explained the unique charm of this role through his clumsy and bloated body and innocent eyes. In his eyes, we not only saw a valuable belief and strength, but also saw the warmest background of human nature."

As an actor, Huang Xiaoming laments that he is happy and can experience different lives in various roles. For example, Wu You in Sunshine Club is carefree in his world. "I have been in this industry for 26 years, and my life has experienced many ups and downs, stumbling, helplessness, disappointment, sadness and hesitation. I am also very scared. I found it when I crossed the mountain. I crossed this mountain and met my 18-year-old self. I have my initial heart, optimism and fear of moving forward. I am more determined in my initial heart and I must bravely go on the road of actors. "

Besides "Sunshine Club", the Chinese-language films shortlisted for this year’s main competition in Golden Goblet Awards have gained a lot.

The director’s new film won the best screenplay, and the actors were invited to the stage together with the screenwriters. Ge You reappeared "Ge humor", kissed the trophy and certificate, and said "beautiful" three times together with "big nephew" Karry to recommend "Hedgehog".

The director’s new film won the best photography, and the chief producer took the stage to accept the award on behalf of photographer Zhang Ying, teasing, "A woman replaces a man to accept the award." She especially thanked the judges for their affirmation, "Let the emotional interpretation of a man and a woman in China’s movies have more diverse ways. The film is also the first time that director Guan Hu and his team have all started the co-production of China and Hong Kong staff. "

2024 is the 20th anniversary of Shanghai International Film Festival "Asian Newcomer Unit". In 2023, he won the honor of Best Actor in Shanghai International Film Festival and made his debut in Jin Jue Festival, wishing the 20th anniversary of Yaxin endless.

He admits that he once dreamed of being a singer, talked about talk shows and worked as a media, and never thought that someone would introduce himself with a "filmmaker". In 2015, he walked onto the red carpet of the Shanghai Film Festival with a finalist in the Asian newcomer unit. Later, he was shortlisted and felt that he could probably be regarded as a filmmaker. "Sitting in this director’s chair, Yaxin gave me confidence. I shoot and play ordinary people who are particularly fond of dreaming. "

The 26th Shanghai International Film Festival Golden Goblet Awardslist of winners


Best film: Divorce (Kazakhstan)

Jury Award: Adult (Argentina)

Best Director: Bakur Bakuradze’s Snow in the Courtyard (Georgian, Russian)

Best actor: Huang Xiaoming’s Sunshine Club (China)

Best actress: Omarova Milla’s Divorce (Kazakhstan)

Best Screenplay: The Hedgehog by Guo Fangfang and Gu Changwei (China)

Best Photography: A Man and a Woman by Zhang Ying (China Mainland, Hongkong, China)

Art Contribution Award: (Iran)

Best Documentary: (China)

Best animated film: (Japan)

Best animated short film: (China)

Best live-action short film: (Israel)


Tens of thousands of people rushed to the front line to protect the "lifeline" of the city.

Water workers in protective clothing enter the community service city water group for the picture.

Water workers in protective clothing enter the community service city water group for the picture.

  Every day, in the "Urban Operation Support Work" WeChat group composed of the key office of Wuhan Municipal Government and urban water, electricity, gas, fuel, communication, transportation, traffic control and other units, all kinds of coordination work are meticulous. "Guarantee the lifeline of the city without any mistakes!" Focus on overall planning, water affairs, traffic control and other departments closely cooperate, sewage treatment chemicals, oil products, disinfectant … … All kinds of transport vehicles are constantly gathering in Wuhan.

  Since the temporary closure of Wuhan’s passage from Han on January 23 and the suspension of traffic operations, as of February 9, more than 9 million citizens in Han have spent 18 days smoothly. As the lifeline and ballast stone of the city, water, electricity, gas, oil and communication are well supplied and stable and orderly. Behind this is the joint efforts of more than 20,000 security personnel every day.

  On February 8th, the Urban Operation Group of COVID-19 City’s Prevention and Control Headquarters introduced that in order to ensure that the relevant key parts and the people of the city have no worries during the epidemic prevention and control period, there are 24,000 people working in the urban operation sections such as water supply, power supply, gas use, oil use and communication every day, among whom 14,000 people are on the front line. They overcame many difficulties and tried their best to ensure the normal operation of the city even when their own protective materials were in short supply.

  Arrears are not stopped, and the water supply hotline serves 24 hours.

  According to the Municipal Water Affairs Bureau, as of February 5, the overall water supply situation in the city is stable and orderly. The average daily water supply in the city is about 4 million tons, and the water supply capacity in the city is 6.3 million tons/day, which can guarantee the daily water supply and the water quality meets the national health standards. In order to prevent the inconvenience of water use caused by arrears, water supply enterprises have also introduced measures to facilitate the non-stop water supply during the epidemic.

  The relevant person in charge of the Municipal Water Affairs Bureau said, "We give full play to the advantages of smart water affairs and use scientific and technological means to coordinate the dispatching of water pressure and water quantity." With the help of big data, cloud computing and other means, the water pressure in the city is sufficient and the pipe network is safe to operate.

  Regarding the water quality problems during the epidemic prevention and control period that citizens are concerned about, the city has continuously monitored the water quality changes by encrypting the frequency of water quality testing for factory water, pipe network water and peripheral water to ensure water quality safety.

  On February 2nd, there was no water in Mr Tian’s home in Qili New Village, Hanyang. Mr. Tian is a highly suspected COVID-19 patient and is isolated at home. Liuyong, deputy director of Hanyang Pipeline Institute of the Municipal Water Group, reminded everyone to wear protective clothing: "The water supply guarantee is not divided into objects, and the danger is also on." After on-site maintenance, the water problem in Mr. Tian’s home was solved.

  Since January 23, in order to reduce the probability of residents entering and leaving crowded places, the city has suspended the door-to-door copying business and temporarily closed the business hall. At the same time, keep the online channels open and the water supply hotline service 24 hours a day.

  There is no power outage due to arrears, and workers patrol dozens of kilometers of cable lines every day.

  From January 24th to February 6th, State Grid Wuhan Power Supply Company dispatched a total of 28,658 personnel and 4,278 vehicles for epidemic prevention and power supply protection. At present, the city’s power supply is all normal.

  During the epidemic prevention period, Wuhan Power Supply Company took measures to ensure the electricity consumption of people’s livelihood by paying arrears to residents. As of 24: 00 on January 28th, about 490,000 households in Wuhan were in arrears without power failure.

  After the city’s access roads were closed, Yu Nianchun, a group of young employees of Wuhan Power Supply Company’s cable inspection team, led by Sun Changqun, the squad leader, drove the "yellow pickup truck" more frequently to escort the main cable line of Wuhan Power Grid.

  Yu Nianchun said: "The situation is special now. There are few people staying in Wuhan. The unit is in short supply. If I can go, I will come." As promised, from the first day, he visited dozens of kilometers of cable lines every day, measured the temperature and circulation of more than a dozen cable terminals and intermediate joints, and evaluated the state through the data and made records.

  Zhao Bin, an ordinary electric power repairman in Wuhan, said, "In this special period, we must stick to our posts and deal with the emergency repair tasks that appear at any time. One night, I received a rush repair task, and the user lost power due to the failure of high-voltage cable. We started at 8 o’clock in the evening and didn’t return to the company until 1 o’clock in the morning. "

  There is no gap in the air source, so the medical staff can take a hot bath with ventilation on the same day.

  Since January 23, all employees of Wuhan gas industry have entered a "wartime state", and more than 2,000 employees of 88 gas companies have adhered to the front line to ensure that citizens use gas for their lives, medical institutions supply gas, and hospital construction projects are ventilated on time.

  The Municipal Urban Management Law Enforcement Committee and the Municipal Gas Management Office introduced that during this period, the urban management department focused on supervising gas enterprises to implement the safe and stable gas supply of medical institutions.

  From the beginning of the Lunar New Year, Zheng Hui, a line inspector of the Municipal Natural Gas Company, has been living in Changqing Management Station of Hankou Pipeline Institute. He patrols more than 60 kilometers every day, increasing the number and intensity of inspections on the pipe network around Jinyintan Hospital to ensure the safe operation of the pipe network and the safe use of gas by more than 180,000 households in the jurisdiction.

  On February 1st, Ziyang Lake Hotel, near Hubei Provincial People’s Hospital, was designated as the accommodation for medical staff in the hospital, and it was necessary to connect natural gas as soon as possible. WISCO Jiangnan China Gas Company acted quickly. After 8 hours of intense operation, natural gas was turned on, 3 hours earlier than expected, and the medical staff who stayed that night took a hot bath.

  According to statistics, from January 24 to February 7, the city supplied an average of more than 8 million cubic meters of natural gas every day; Accumulated supply of liquefied petroleum gas is about 250 tons; Vehicle natural gas is sold for about 300,000 cubic meters, with stable inventory and no shortage of gas source for the time being.

  Engineers crossed the quarantine area and installed video phones for the hospital.

  From February 6th to 7th, the maintenance engineers of Wuhan Branch of China Telecom fought all night in the front line of epidemic prevention communication support, and installed video phones for 16 designated hospitals.

  At two o’clock in the morning on the 6 th, the company was ordered to start the video phone installation work urgently. The company originally had more than 30 employees, but some of them went back to their hometown in advance on holiday, and some of them were isolated because of contact with suspected patients, and only 16 people could be called. Everyone knows the danger of more than a dozen circuits passing through the hospital isolation zone, but no one flinched. After nearly 30 hours of intense construction, almost everyone did not have a decent meal, but no one complained.

  Wuhan Municipal Communications Administration, together with the municipal economic and information department, will co-ordinate and organize the city’s communications enterprises to fight hard and overcome difficulties. There are countless such examples.

  At noon on February 1st, Huangpi Branch of Wuhan Telecom received a call from a user. A user in Outang Village of Changling was trapped in the bay because of the epidemic. Three children at home had to take online classes, and there was no network at home. I hope that Telecom can install the network at home.

  Due to the severe epidemic situation, rural roads were blocked, so Gao Hongli, a salesperson of Changling Branch of huangpi district Branch, and Huang Jinsong, a maintenance worker, rode motorcycles to the users’ homes against the cold wind and immediately wired them. It took only four hours from receiving orders to accepting and installing machines.

  According to the requirements of epidemic prevention headquarters, Wuhan Telecom opened video conferencing service for 50 key hospitals and isolated wards in the city. Open fixed line and broadband for a number of medical isolation points. Wuhan Mobile has completed the network testing and optimization of 49 isolation points, and Wuhan Unicom has implemented a number of site resource expansion.

  The fuel supply in the whole city is guaranteed if the oil is continuously supplied and the station does not close.

  During the anti-epidemic period, Sinopec Caidian Zhiyin Station and Jiangxia Wunan Gas Station provided 120 ambulances for all patients in the city with free refueling and free meals.

  More than 100 negative-pressure ambulances donated by the whole country to Wuhan arrived in Han late at night on February 5, and Sinopec Hanyang Nangang Gas Station provided a venue for vehicle handover, providing free refueling for all ambulances and free meals for drivers.

  At the beginning of the Wuhan epidemic, the Municipal Bureau of Commerce set up a command group for urban gasoline (diesel) oil supply, organized oil companies to start emergency plans, monitored the operation of the refined oil market every day, and coordinated and solved the difficulties and problems in oil supply, material transportation, employee commuting, and insufficient protective equipment at gas stations.

  On New Year’s Eve, employees of PetroChina Wuhan Sales Branch received a proposal to fight against COVID-19 sent by the company. In less than eight hours, a total of 100 party member and two party activists volunteered to fight.

  Li Shengxiong, an employee of Huangjinkou Gas Station of Wuhan Hanyang Branch of Sinopec, rode more than 20 kilometers from home to be on duty in order to ensure the duty on the second and third days of the New Year’s Day.

  Since the outbreak, nearly 410 gas stations of PetroChina, Sinopec, Total and large-scale private oil companies have insisted on normal business, and 92#, 95# and 98# gasoline and diesel are complete, ensuring that "the oil is constantly supplied and the station does not close" and doing its best to protect the needs of citizens and epidemic prevention units.

  (Reporter Wei Han Huang Shishi Tao Changning Zhang Ge correspondent Jin Bo Xie Minghui Xin Wang Cheng Jing Su Shouming Yang Jie Shang Yuming)

Reading "Numbers" and China’s Confidence —— A Special Report on the Opening of the Financial Program Center of the General Station of "Looking Up from Data"

  In 2023, China’s economy, which has experienced storms, has strengthened its physique and bones, and it has given off new vitality in its steady and far-reaching development.

  Looking back on last year, what was the gold content of China’s economy?

  Looking forward to the new year, where does China’s economic confidence come from?

  We found the answer from this heavy report card — —

  On January 17, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics released the main data of national economic operation in 2023. In this year-end report card, China’s economy has made remarkable contributions to global economic growth; In the good data, there is a solid foundation for China’s economy to develop further to high quality; In the record of innovation and breakthrough, there is unlimited potential for China’s economy to achieve good results again. Since January 17th, the Financial Program Center has launched a series of reports, "From the data, it is getting better". From this report card with good quality and sufficient weight, it "counts" the confidence of China’s economy to move forward steadily in the process of high-quality development.

  In 2023, China’s GDP growth rate was 5.2%, and the economy rebounded for the whole year.

  Interpretation of China’s economic performance, GDP, that is, gross domestic product, is an important observation index. 5.2%, which is the most concerned GDP growth rate in the report card of China’s economic operation in 2023 released on 17th. China’s total economic output reached 126,058.2 billion yuan. In the first quarter, GDP increased by 4.5% year-on-year, 6.3% in the second quarter, 4.9% in the third quarter and 5.2% in the fourth quarter.

  Director of the National Bureau of Statistics Kang Yi:It can be said that the performance of China’s economy in the past year is to hand over a report card with good quality and sufficient weight. In 2023, with the downturn of the world economy, the complex evolution of the international pattern and frequent geopolitical conflicts, the complexity, severity and uncertainty of the external environment we are facing are rising, and there are many cyclical structural contradictions in China and frequent natural disasters. Under such complicated circumstances, it is even more commendable to achieve such development achievements.

  China’s contribution to global economic growth is about one third.

  According to the forecast of the International Monetary Fund, the contribution rate of China’s economic growth rate of 5.2% to global economic growth will be around 30%, that is to say, China’s economy will continue to be an important engine of global stable growth.

  According to the World Bank’s forecast of GDP and growth rate of major economies in 2023, China’s economic growth will be about 1.5 times that of the United States and 16.5 times that of the euro zone. From the perspective of contribution rate to world economic growth, in 2023, China will have more than America, Europe and Japan combined.

  Hideki Ito, Principal Researcher of Mizuho Bank China Co., Ltd.:China’s economic growth of 5.2% is equivalent to the combined GDP of Thailand and Viet Nam. China has made great contributions to the world economy. With the expansion of exports and the growth of domestic demand, the dividend of China’s economic growth will spread to the global economy.

  China, as the second largest economy in the world, has formed a good and stable fundamentals in its long-term development. Japanese Omron Health Medical Company, which entered the China market 30 years ago, has increased its sales in China by about four times in 2010. Last August, their R&D and production base expanded in Dalian with an investment of 300 million yuan was successfully completed.

  Like Omron, many large Japanese companies are also increasing their investment in China. According to Japanese media reports, Matsushita Electric will invest more than 50 billion yen in China to build or expand more than 10 factories in the three years to March 2025; Todo, a Japanese bathroom brand, also plans to build a new factory in the suburbs of Dalian, with an estimated investment of tens of billions of yen, which will be put into production as soon as 2026. In addition, Daikin’s new air conditioning plant in Guangdong will also be put into operation in October this year.

  In 2023, the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 7.2%.

  In 2023, the total retail sales of social consumer goods reached 47,149.5 billion yuan, an increase of 7.2% over the previous year, reaching a record high. The contribution rate to economic growth reached 82.5%. Consumption has become the main driving force of economic growth again. One of the most striking is the rapid recovery of tourism. Whether it is Zibo, Shandong Province, which made a name for itself in the first half of the year, or Harbin, which is famous for its pet customers and powder at the end of the year, all show the strong driving force of tourism consumption in the past year.

  During the New Year’s Day holiday this year, Harbin Ice and Snow World received 163,200 tourists, a year-on-year increase of 435%, a record high. The local Mattel popsicles sold 100,000 pieces in three days. Now, the "Erbin" fever is still going on, and the number of tourists on the Central Street will exceed 400,000 every day; A small fried cake stall sells nearly 8000 fried cakes every day. The consumption heat in the ice and snow season, ignited by the "Erbin pet mode", quickly spread to more places. During the New Year holiday, Heilongjiang Province received a total of 6.619 million tourists, an increase of 173.7% over last year. Southerners go skiing in the north and northerners go south to avoid the cold, which has become a new hot spot in tourism. A series of cultural and tourism parties that go from north to south and are linked in many places have further released strong tourism consumption potential.

  In 2023, the per capita disposable income of national residents increased by 5.3%, of which the per capita disposable income of rural residents increased by 5.7%. Jiang Zhixiang is a photographer in Qianjiang, Hubei Province. In the past year, he recorded 60 weddings with his lens, witnessing the happy little days of the villagers and the new scene of rural consumption. This year, Jiang Zhixiang bought a house through his own efforts. He admitted that he was full of confidence in the prospects of his career when he saw the new changes in the rural landscape.

  In 2023, the growth rate of electricity consumption in the whole society exceeded 6%

  Electricity consumption data is a barometer of national economic operation. The reporter learned from the China Electricity Council that the growth rate of electricity consumption in the whole society in 2023 was 6.7%. Among them, the electricity consumption of business services, wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering industries has obviously recovered, with a year-on-year growth rate of over 13%. The rapid development of the electric vehicle industry has boosted the electricity consumption of the charging and replacing service industry by over 70% year-on-year.

  In 2023, China’s "new three" products, such as new energy vehicles, lithium batteries and solar cells, exported a total of 1.06 trillion yuan, exceeding the trillion mark for the first time, with an increase of 29.9%.

  The equipment manufacturing industry is the heavy weapon of the country and an important part of the real economy. Since 2023, a number of domestic high-end equipment have made breakthroughs in succession, and big countries have frequently "upgraded". The first large domestic cruise ship, Ada? The Modu is currently sailing in the East China Sea. This large domestic cruise ship has successfully completed three commercial voyages since it officially started commercial operation on January 1. Ada? Captain Modu said: "We have tested the limits of everything, our engine and stability. We are very, very confident. It is very stable and very powerful. This means that even in stormy weather or bad weather, the ship is still very stable. "

  "Ada? The "Modu" cruise ship is currently running at a frequency of 6 to 7 voyages per month, with tickets ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 yuan to more than 10,000 yuan. All the voyage tickets before the Spring Festival have been sold out. In Ida? At the same time that the cruise ship Modu started another voyage, the design scheme of the second domestic large-scale cruise ship called "No.2" is also progressing steadily, and construction has started. The person in charge of the design told the reporter that the "No.2 Ship" with detailed design from 2021 will become Ada? The sister ship of Modu, but with longer length and larger displacement.

  In 2023, China’s total annual import and export of goods was 41.76 trillion yuan.

  In 2023, the total import and export volume of goods in China was 41.76 trillion yuan, an increase of 0.2% over 2022. In global trade, cross-border e-commerce has become a new force. According to the latest statistics of the General Administration of Customs, in 2023, the import and export of cross-border e-commerce in China was 2.38 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 15.6%.

  According to industry insiders, with the rise of new formats such as independent station, cross-border live broadcast and full custody, more and more China enterprises, especially manufacturing enterprises with innovative and iterative capabilities, are selling their products to all parts of the world through cross-border e-commerce platforms.

  According to the data of Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Commerce, the number of cross-border e-commerce export enterprises in Shenzhen has exceeded 150,000. In 2023, the import and export volume of cross-border e-commerce in Shenzhen reached 326.53 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 74.4%. Driven by cross-border e-commerce, the shipments of many cross-border logistics enterprises in 2023 also reached a record high.

  According to the latest data from China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing, China’s logistics market will resume growth in 2023. It is estimated that the total social logistics volume will reach 350 trillion yuan in 2023, and the express delivery business volume will reach 132 billion pieces, ranking first in the world for ten consecutive years. The national railway delivered 3.91 billion tons of goods, a record high. Wu Shidan, co-founder and chief marketing officer of a logistics company in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, said: "Our overall LCL volume in 2023 was 14,000 cabinets, with an average LCL volume of 1,200 pieces a month, which increased by 39% compared with 2022 and tripled compared with 2019. This can be said to be the highest record set by our company since its establishment 13 years ago. "

  As another heavy special report since the opening of the financial program center of the general station, the series of reports "Looking back from the data" found the answer to China’s sustained economic recovery from solid data; From a real order, I saw the proof that the world is optimistic about China; On the accelerated track, it witnessed the steady and positive momentum of China’s economy.

  Looking forward to 2024, China’s economy will still be full of confidence and the pace towards high-quality development will be more firm.

Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on printing and distributing the Interim Measures for the standardized evaluation of construction safety production

Jian Zhi [2014] No.111   

Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Departments of all provinces and autonomous regions, Construction Committees of municipalities directly under the Central Government (diplomatic relations committees) and Construction Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:

  In order to implement the requirements of relevant documents in the State Council, further strengthen the management of construction safety production, implement the main responsibility of enterprise safety production, and standardize the evaluation of construction safety production standardization, our department has formulated the Interim Measures for the Evaluation of Construction Safety Production Standardization. Is issued to you, please actual, conscientiously implement.

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development

July 31, 2014

Interim Measures for Standardization Evaluation of Construction Safety Production

  Chapter I General Principles

  Article 1 In order to further strengthen the management of safety production in construction, implement the main responsibility of safety production in enterprises, and standardize the standardized assessment of safety production in construction, these Measures are formulated according to the Notice of the State Council on Further Strengthening the Work of Safety Production in Enterprises (Guo Fa [2010] No.23) and the Opinions of the State Council on Adhering to Scientific Development and Safe Development to Promote the Continuous, Stable and Better Situation of Safety Production (Guo Fa [2011] No.40).

  Article 2 The term "standardization of production safety in construction" as mentioned in these Measures refers to that construction enterprises implement construction safety laws, regulations and standards in construction activities, establish the responsibility system for production safety in enterprises and projects, formulate safety management systems and operating procedures, monitor sub-projects with greater risks, investigate and control potential safety hazards, and keep people, machines, objects and environment in a safe state all the time, thus forming a safety management mechanism of process control and continuous improvement.

  Article 3 The standardized evaluation of construction safety production mentioned in these Measures includes the standardized evaluation of construction project safety production and the standardized evaluation of construction enterprise safety production.

  Construction projects refer to new construction, expansion and reconstruction of housing construction and municipal infrastructure projects.

  Construction enterprises refer to general contracting and professional contracting enterprises engaged in building, expanding and rebuilding houses and municipal infrastructure projects.

  Article 4 The competent department of housing and urban-rural construction in the State Council shall supervise and guide the national standardization assessment of construction safety production.

  The competent department of housing and urban construction of the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the standardization assessment of construction safety production within their respective administrative areas.

  The competent department of housing and urban construction of the local people’s government at or above the county level may entrust the construction safety supervision institution to implement the standardized assessment of construction safety production.

  Fifth construction safety production standardization evaluation work should adhere to the principles of objectivity, fairness and openness.

  Sixth to encourage the use of information technology to carry out standardized assessment of construction safety production.

  Chapter II Project Evaluation

  Article 7 A construction enterprise shall establish and improve a project safety production management system with the project leader as the first responsible person, perform safety production duties according to law, and implement project safety production standardization.

  Where a construction project is subject to general contracting, the general contracting unit shall take overall responsibility for the standardization of project safety production. The general contractor of construction shall organize professional contractors to carry out the standardization of project safety production.

  Article 8 A project shall set up a project safety production standardization self-evaluation organization composed of general construction contractors and professional contractors, and carry out the safety production standardization self-evaluation work mainly according to the Standard for Safety Inspection of Building Construction (JGJ59) every month during the project construction.

  Ninth construction enterprises safety production management institutions shall regularly supervise and inspect the standardization of project safety production, and the inspection and rectification shall be included in the project self-evaluation materials.

  Tenth construction and supervision units shall supervise and inspect the standardization of project safety production implemented by construction enterprises, and review and sign opinions on the self-evaluation materials of construction enterprises.

  Eleventh of the construction project safety supervision of housing and urban construction departments or its entrusted construction safety supervision institutions (hereinafter referred to as the "project evaluation subject") is responsible for the standardization of production safety evaluation of construction projects.

  Article 12 The subject of project evaluation shall carry out standardized evaluation of safety production for construction projects that have gone through construction safety supervision procedures and obtained construction permits.

  Thirteenth project evaluation subjects should carry out the project evaluation work simultaneously when implementing daily safety supervision of construction projects, and guide and supervise the project self-evaluation.

  Fourteenth after the completion of the project, before the completion acceptance, the construction enterprise shall submit the project safety production standardization self-evaluation materials to the project evaluation subject.

  Project self-evaluation materials mainly include:

  (a) the project construction, supervision, construction general contracting, professional contracting and other units and the main person in charge of the project directory;

  (two) the project mainly based on the "building construction safety inspection standards" (JGJ59) and other self-evaluation results and project construction, supervision unit audit opinions;

  (three) during the project construction due to safety in production by the competent department of housing and urban construction rewards and punishments (including rectification within a time limit, rectification, informed criticism, administrative punishment, notification of praise, recognition and reward, etc.);

  (four) the project production safety accidents;

  (five) other materials stipulated by the competent department of housing and urban construction.

  Article 15 After receiving the materials submitted by the construction enterprises, if the project evaluation subjects meet the requirements after inspection, they shall evaluate the standardization of project safety production based on the project self-evaluation and combined with the daily supervision, and issue a notice of project evaluation results to the construction enterprises within 10 working days.

  The evaluation results are excellent, qualified and unqualified.

  The notification of project evaluation results should include the information of project construction, supervision, construction general contracting, professional contracting and other units and their project principals.

  If the evaluation result is unqualified, it shall explain the reasons and the responsible units that are unqualified in the project evaluation result notice.

  Sixteenth construction projects in any of the following circumstances, the standardization of production safety assessment is unqualified:

  (a) failing to carry out the project self-evaluation work in accordance with the provisions;

  (two) the production safety accident;

  (three) due to the existence of security risks in the project, the competent department of housing and urban construction has stopped work for rectification twice or more within one year;

  (four) other circumstances stipulated by the competent department of housing and urban construction.

  Seventeenth provincial housing and urban construction departments can determine the excellent standard of safety production standardization of construction projects in combination with the actual situation in the region.

  The number of construction projects assessed as excellent by standardization of production safety shall, in principle, not exceed 10% of the number of projects to be completed this year in the area under its jurisdiction.

  Eighteenth project evaluation subject shall promptly announce to the public the results of the standardized evaluation of safety production of construction projects within their respective administrative areas, and report them to the provincial housing and urban construction departments step by step.

  For the cross-regional construction project undertaken by a construction enterprise, the provincial-level housing and urban-rural construction department where the project is located shall timely transfer the evaluation results of the project to the provincial-level housing and urban-rural construction department where the enterprise is registered.

  Article 19 If the construction enterprise fails to submit the project self-evaluation materials when the project is completed and accepted, it shall be deemed as unqualified in the project evaluation.

  Chapter III Enterprise Evaluation

  Twentieth construction enterprises should establish and improve the enterprise safety production management system with the legal representative as the first responsible person, perform the duties of safety production according to law, and implement the standardization of enterprise safety production.

  Article 21 A construction enterprise shall set up an enterprise safety production standardization self-evaluation organization, and carry out the enterprise safety production standardization self-evaluation work every year mainly according to the "Safety Production Evaluation Standard for Construction Enterprises" JGJ/T77.

  Article 22 The competent department of housing and urban-rural construction or the construction safety supervision institution entrusted by it (hereinafter referred to as "the subject of enterprise evaluation") that issues safety production licenses to construction enterprises shall be responsible for the standardized evaluation of safety production of construction enterprises.

  Article 23 The subject of enterprise evaluation shall carry out standardized evaluation of safety production for construction enterprises that have obtained the safety production license and the license is valid.

  Twenty-fourth enterprise evaluation subject should carry out the standardization evaluation of enterprise safety production at the same time when implementing dynamic supervision on the safety production license of construction enterprises, and guide and supervise the construction enterprises to carry out self-evaluation work.

  Twenty-fifth construction enterprises in the process of extending the safety production license, it shall submit the enterprise self-evaluation materials to the enterprise evaluation subject.

  Enterprise self-evaluation materials mainly include:

  (a) enterprise project ledger and project evaluation results;

  (two) the enterprise mainly based on the "construction enterprise safety production evaluation standard" JGJ/T77 and other self-evaluation results;

  (three) enterprises in the past three years due to safety in production by the competent department of housing and urban construction rewards and punishments (including informed criticism, administrative punishment, notification of praise, recognition and reward, etc.);

  (four) the production safety accident of the project undertaken by the enterprise;

  (five) other materials prescribed by the competent department of housing and urban construction at or above the provincial level.

  Article 26 After receiving the materials submitted by the construction enterprise, if the enterprise evaluation subject meets the requirements after inspection, it shall evaluate the standardization of enterprise safety production based on the enterprise self-evaluation, the evaluation results of enterprise construction project safety production standardization, and the dynamic supervision of safety production license, and issue a notice of enterprise evaluation results to the construction enterprise within 20 working days.

  The evaluation results are excellent, qualified and unqualified.

  The notice of enterprise evaluation results shall include the information of the enterprise evaluation year and the main person in charge of the enterprise.

  If the evaluation result is unqualified, the reasons shall be explained and ordered to make rectification within a time limit.

  Twenty-seventh construction enterprises in any of the following circumstances, the standardization of production safety assessment is unqualified:

  (1) Failing to carry out the enterprise self-evaluation work as required;

  (two) the project undertaken by the enterprise in the past three years has a major and above production safety accident;

  (3) The unqualified rate of the completed projects undertaken by the enterprise in the past three years exceeds 5% (the unqualified rate refers to the ratio of the number of completed projects undertaken by the enterprise as the main body responsible for unqualified project evaluation in the past three years to the number of completed projects undertaken by the enterprise);

  (four) other circumstances stipulated by the competent department of housing and urban construction at or above the provincial level.

  Twenty-eighth provincial housing and urban construction departments can determine the excellent standard of safety production standardization of construction enterprises in combination with the actual situation in the region.

  The number of construction enterprises with excellent safety production standardization assessment shall, in principle, not exceed 10% of the number of enterprises that intend to apply for the extension of safety production license this year.

  Twenty-ninth enterprise evaluation subject shall promptly announce the results of standardized evaluation of safety production of construction enterprises to the public.

  For construction enterprises undertaking cross-regional construction projects, the provincial-level housing and urban-rural construction department where the project is located can evaluate the enterprise with reference to these measures, and the evaluation results will be promptly transferred to the provincial-level housing and urban-rural construction department where the enterprise is registered.

  Thirtieth construction enterprises in the process of extending the safety production license did not submit the enterprise self-evaluation materials, as the enterprise evaluation is unqualified.

  Chapter IV Reward and Punishment

  Article 31 The standardized evaluation results of construction safety production shall serve as an important reference for relevant government departments to conduct performance evaluation, credit rating, integrity evaluation, evaluation first, investment and financing risk assessment, insurance rate fluctuation, etc.

  Thirty-second government investment projects bidding should give priority to the construction enterprises and project leaders who have outstanding achievements in the standardization of construction safety production.

  Thirty-third housing and urban construction departments shall record the standardization assessment of construction safety production in the safety production credit file.

  Article 34 For construction enterprises that fail to pass the standardized assessment of safety production, the competent department of housing and urban-rural construction shall order them to make rectification within a time limit, and review their safety production conditions when the enterprises apply for the extension of safety production licenses. If they meet the safety production conditions after rectification, the results of standardized assessment of safety production will be "qualified after rectification" and a safety production license will be issued; No longer have the conditions for safe production, shall not issue a safety production license.

  Article 35 For construction enterprises and projects that fail to pass the standardized assessment of production safety, the competent department of housing and urban-rural construction shall, when the main person in charge of the enterprise and the person in charge of the project handle the extension of the certificate of safety production assessment, order them to re-examine within a time limit, and issue a certificate of safety production assessment to those who pass the re-examination; Those who fail to pass the re-examination shall not be issued with a certificate of safety assessment.

  Article 36 If any of the following circumstances is found in the construction enterprises and projects that have passed or are excellent in the standardized assessment of safety production, the original results of standardized assessment of safety production shall be revoked by the assessment subject, which shall be directly assessed as unqualified, and the relevant responsible units and personnel shall be punished according to law.

  (1) The submitted self-assessment materials are fraudulent;

  (two) omission, misrepresentation, concealment of production safety accidents;

  (three) there are other illegal acts in the evaluation process.

  Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

  Thirty-seventh provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, the competent department of housing and urban construction may formulate detailed rules for implementation according to these measures and report them to the competent department of housing and urban construction in the State Council for the record.

  Article 38 These Measures shall come into force as of the date of promulgation. 

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Perhaps the most impressive thing in Marvel Comics’s Iron Man movies is not Tony Stark’s cool Iron Man armor, but his artificial intelligence housekeeper-Jarvis.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

In the film, "Jarvis" can be described as an AI housekeeper who helps Tony manage his super high-tech mansion.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Tony only needs to give an order by voice, and Jarvis can complete operations from opening the door and turning off the lights to booking a hotel to buy things, and even help Tony solve scientific problems.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Eleven years ago, in 2008, the first film of Iron Man was released. In the same year, the iPhone 3G was released, and people’s legs in the era of mobile Internet were just raised. When the Bluetooth headset was still a high-end gadget, Jarvis, a powerful artificial intelligence housekeeper, inevitably gave people a very sci-fi feeling.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

At that time, I was wondering if I could have the opportunity to experience this powerful and caring AI assistant in my life. Considering the technical level at that time, I couldn’t help feeling that this was a "lifetime" flag.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Now more than ten years have passed, and the tide of mobile internet has completely changed people’s lives. True wireless Bluetooth headsets have also become a "street commodity" for everyone, and AI and loT have also become nouns that people talk about every day.

The kind of artificial intelligence housekeeper shown in the first part of Iron Man has also become not far away from us. In recent years, the concept of smart home has become more and more popular, and more and more related smart home solutions have become mature. I also began to think about buying some smart homes for my family. The first thing is of course to buy a smart speaker as the control center.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?
Smart speaker is the control center of smart home.

As we approach double 11, it’s natural to take a look at the discounts on smart speakers of major brands. Open the Tmall APP, the global carnival venue, and search for "smart speakers" to find that the Tmall Elf series products that I have been paying attention to before have great preferential strength during my stay in double 11.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

At present, the common smart home solutions include Tmall Elf, Xiaomi Xiaoai and Apple Homekit. The first thing I excluded was Apple’s Homekit. Homekit’s smart home products are not only expensive but also extremely rare, and are rarely used in China. Secondly, Xiao Ai is excluded. Although Xiaomi’s smart home system is relatively perfect, Xiao Ai’s intelligence is shameful and there are many restrictions, which gives people the feeling that they are using a simple language remote control instead of a warm and intimate artificial intelligence housekeeper. Moreover, Xiao Ai’s smart home appliances are mainly Xiaomi eco-chain products, and they do not support mainstream first-line home appliance brands.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?
Homekit products are more expensive.

To be honest, the reason for choosing Tmall Elf is mainly the price. The price of Tmall Elf after double 11 discount is really very cheap, and some products also support the interest-free flower buds, which is also very intimate for people like me. Of course, the reason for choosing Tmall Elf is not only because of the low price, but also because of the rich smart home ecology of Tmall Elf.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?
Tmall elf AI alliance

Buying a smart home means buying an ecology, because from the moment you buy the first device, you have chosen this ecology. In the later period, you can only buy home appliances in this ecology, so it is very important to choose a good smart home ecology. The smart home ecology of Tmall Elf is officially called "Tmall Elf AI Alliance" by Tmall. One big difference from some manufacturers is that Tmall Elf is an open smart home ecology, except for Tmall’s own brand smart home. Many first-line big-name home appliances support Tmall Elf. At present, Tmall Elf can connect more than 40 categories, more than 600 brands and more than 2,100 models of smart devices, covering more than 70% of smart devices. .

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?
Tmall Elf can connect more than 2,100 smart devices.

Unlike some smart speakers that act as "language remote controllers", Tmall Elf is very powerful in intelligence. In addition to the basic functions such as controlling the home to switch on and off some lights, commanding the sweeper, remotely controlling the air conditioner, inquiring about common information, alarm clock, etc., Tmall Elf can also achieve advanced skills such as taking the initiative to greet, playing voice games and accompanying children to read books.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Combined with Alibaba’s powerful e-commerce ecology, Tmall Elf can even charge phone bills, shop and even order food under voice, and truly become a qualified "intimate housekeeper".

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Although the smart speaker is now more responsible for the task of smart home control center, its main business is still as a speaker. As an AI housekeeper, Tmall Elf is also a qualified speaker. Even if the current price of Tmall Elf series is less than 100 yuan, the sound quality has not been ignored.

The sound system of Tmall Elf Sugar Cube R supports DTS technology certification, and has a high-specification full-frequency NdFeB speaker unit, which has ultra-wide frequency response and ultra-low unparalleled low distortion. With a passive bass unit, the low frequency is more impactful. Equipped with DTS sound quality through professional tuning of golden ears, making the sound effect achieve the best effect.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

As one of the largest audio content platforms in Chinese, Tmall Elf has the first tens of millions of its own music copyright library in the field of intelligent hardware, and directly signed cooperation agreements with many well-known copyright parties/key IP content to meet the content needs of different users. To give a simple example, for example, if you want to listen to a song, other smart speakers may not be able to play this song because of copyright issues, and the probability of this happening in Tmall Elf is extremely low.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Tmall Elf Sugar R Smart Speaker

Double 11 Tmall got the price: 79 yuan

Tmall Elf Sugar R is a smart speaker with high cost performance for Tmall Elf. You can experience the rich Tmall Elf ecology at a price of less than 100 yuan. The original price of Tmall Elf Sugar R is 199 yuan on weekdays, and the special price of double 11 is the same day.79 yuanAt the same time, it supports the 400-50 shopping allowance. Users who complete the order and payment in the first two hours of the same day (0: 00: 00-1: 59: 59 on the 11th) in double 11 have the opportunity to obtain the test drive qualification of Volvo polestar charter wine worth 3,888 yuan (8 in total).

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

Tmall Elf X1

Double 11 Tmall got the price: 199 yuan.

Tmall Elf X1 is a smart speaker with main performance. In addition to its rich Tmall Elf ecosystem, Tmall Elf X1 is unambiguous in hardware configuration. In addition to the powerful core with quad-core architecture and a 5W6Ω full-range speaker, in order to better pick up sound, Tmall Elf X1 is equipped with six microphones distributed around the top of the fuselage, no matter which direction you are in the speaker, Tmall Elf X1 can pick up your voice commands timely and accurately. The original price of Tmall Elf X1 was 499 yuan, and double 11 went straight to 300 yuan.The hand price is 199 yuanGrab the spot in advance.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

At present, Tmall Elf X1 is being sold in the official flagship store of Tmall Elf. Interested friends can purchase it by poking it directly. double 11 went straight to 300 yuan and got a price of 199 yuan.

Tmall jingling QUEEN beauty cosmetics Jing

Double 11 Tmall got the price: 399 yuan.

Tmall Fairy QUEEN Beauty Mirror is a "cross-border" product with artificial intelligence implanted in the cosmetic mirror. It not only has good lighting effect and elegant design, but also has all the functions of AI smart speakers, such as listening to music, controlling home appliances, playing audio books, charging phone bills, shopping, forecasting weather, etc., and can definitely become your intimate housekeeper in daily life.

No kidding, rounding off the Tmall Elf is about giving it away for nothing?

This 8-inch mirror has 64 lamp beads, forming a complete circular light source, with a brightness of 1100lux, which is consistent with the jewelry counter in mainstream shopping malls. It has set 3 color temperatures and 9 lighting effects. In addition, the Tmall Elf Queen uses the full spectrum and LED light source to restore the true color, so that the light of the Tmall Elf Queen can be kept in a state of not dazzling care, which is better enough to protect the eyesight.

The original price of Tmall Elf QUEEN Beauty Mirror is 699 yuan.Double 11 special price is 449 yuan., you can use 400-50 shopping allowance on the same day, and you only need to get the price.399 yuanCopy the reserve price for the whole year, and you will receive a cosmetic set with the value of 600 yuan if you complete the order and payment 2 hours before the day of double 11 (0: 00: 00-1: 59: 59 on the 11th).

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Perhaps the most impressive thing in Marvel Comics’s Iron Man movies is not Tony Stark’s cool Iron Man armor, but his artificial intelligence housekeeper-Jarvis. In the film, "Jarvis" can be described as an AI housekeeper who helps Tony manage his super high-tech mansion. Tony only needs to give an order by voice, and Jarvis can turn off the lights from the door. …

In the year of reunion, "the country is peaceful and the people are safe, and the people can be peaceful and prosperous."

  The Spring Festival in the Year of the Loong is approaching. Can the villagers who suffered disasters last year have a good year? The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader misses him very much.

  On February 1st, the 22nd day of the twelfth lunar month, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to Tianjin, and went straight from the railway station to Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, located in the suburbs.

  In the field, contiguous vegetable greenhouses are endless, and there is a thriving scene. It is hard to imagine that a few months ago, there was a catastrophic flood in the Haihe River basin, and more than 2,000 greenhouses in the village were flooded.

  The general secretary said with deep affection: "Since last year, other places in China have also suffered from natural disasters such as floods, typhoons, earthquakes, landslides, freezing rain and snow, and I always pay attention to them."

  Along the way, I am deeply concerned and full of deep feelings of people first.

  "The country is peaceful and the people are safe, and the people’s security can make the country peaceful." The simple and sincere words of the Supreme Leader General Secretary warm the hearts of all the affected people.

  "People’s business is the most important thing."

  In the sixth port village in the west of Tianjin, in the greenhouse, Artemisia selengensis, cauliflower and spinach are growing well.

  On the morning of February 1, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader came to the village to learn about the recovery of local agricultural production.

  Vegetable farmers Hao Jian and Zhang Fengwen are busy in the new shed. Picking, packaging, ready to deliver fresh vegetables to the community in the city.

  They were very excited when they met the general secretary, and introduced their vegetable fields one after another. "Special thanks to the party and the government, the greenhouse was repaired, replanted and planted, and production quickly resumed."

  △ On February 1, 2024, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader walked into the shed of Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin, and had a cordial exchange with vegetable farmers.

  Liubu Village is one of the vegetable bases in Tianjin. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader held Lao Hao’s hand: "We should thank you for your hard work and enrich the Spring Festival ‘ Shopping basket ’ 。”

  "Our food is delicious, especially sweet." Zhang Fengwen said.

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader smiled and asked: "What is the reason for the sweet food?"

  "Water is good, soil is good, red sand."

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is well aware of the worries and hopes of the villagers and has always been concerned about those places that have suffered disasters.

  In November last year, in Shuiyuzui Village, Mentougou District, Beijing, the General Secretary inquired in detail about the damage of villagers’ houses, repair expenses, heating, etc., stressing that "it is a hard task to ensure the safety and warmth of the affected people for the winter. The winter in the north is long, and the winter in the mountains is particularly cold. The heating work must be carried out in detail to achieve every household. "

  "The party’s good policy is to make the people happy." In Diaowo Town, Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province, the general secretary went to farmers and wheat fields, urging local cadres to organize and arrange agricultural production and strive for a good harvest next year.

  △ On November 10, 2023, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader inspected the growth of Chinese cabbage in the farmland near Wanquanzhuang Village, Diaowo Town, Zhuozhou City, Baoding, Hebei Province.

  Every sentence, every pile, every piece, is concerned with the "big things and small feelings" of the villagers.

  On the village square of Liubu Village, the villagers paid a New Year greeting to the General Secretary. "I am also very happy to see such an atmosphere and scene after the disaster." "The affairs of ordinary people are the most important thing, and we must do it well." The words of the general secretary are simple and firm.

  △ On February 1, 2024, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader waved to the villagers during his inspection in Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin.

  "Rely on your own hands to rebuild a beautiful home"

  Flower cakes, steamed buns, window grilles and lanterns … … Du Honggang’s home in the sixth port village, where four generations live under one roof, is full of joy in 2008.

  "Is there anything else that the party and the government need to care about?" The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader cordially talked with his family, and calculated the disaster losses and the increase in production development and employment after the disaster.

  "With the help of the party and the government, I quickly got through the difficulties and didn’t feel that life was difficult. I have added a little grandson, and this year is a happy year for the whole family. "

  After listening to this, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said with emotion: "Only when the country is peaceful and the people are at peace can the country be peaceful. The Party Central Committee and party committees and governments at all levels always remember the safety and warmth of everyone, and hope that the villagers can rebuild their beautiful homes and create a happy life with their own hands."

  △ On February 1, 2024, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader had a cordial exchange with Du Honggang, a villager, when he visited Liubu Village, Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin.

  Last year, the flood disaster affected a wide area, many flood storage and detention areas were opened, and many people were relocated. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has been very concerned about the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction work and the living security of the affected people.

  On September 7, 2023, starting from Harbin city, Heilongjiang province, the general secretary went to Longwangmiao Village, Laojieji Township, shangzhi city, where the disaster was serious, to visit and sympathize with the affected people and see the situation of rice disaster and the reconstruction of houses damaged by water.

  △ On September 7, 2023, in Longwangmiao Village, Laojieji Township, shangzhi city City, Harbin, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader went into the home of villager Yang Chungui to inspect the repair of damaged houses.

  "The party and the government are very concerned about the people in the disaster areas, and always walk hand in hand with everyone through thick and thin. I hope that under the leadership of the party organization, Qi Xin will work together to overcome the difficulties and strive to build a beautiful home." The general secretary’s words are inspiring.

  Today, Longwangmiao Village in Laojieji Township has a new look, with rows of houses and clean roads.

  △ Corner of Laojieji Township, shangzhi city, Heilongjiang

  "In the new year, we must redouble our efforts to make the villagers’ lives better and better through specific measures such as setting up cooperatives." Liu Lijia, the first secretary of Longwangmiao Village, said that the village took the lead in completing the reconstruction, replacement and maintenance of 168 damaged houses, and the infrastructure was restored in time, and more than 100 seedling greenhouses were rebuilt or repaired to lay a solid foundation for spring ploughing production in 2024.

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader once said: "My greatest wish is that everyone can enjoy a good year."

  Now, 1,200 mu of vegetables replanted in Liubu Village are being harvested; In the distance, thousands of acres of winter wheat will soon turn green and spit new green. Seeing the rainbow after the storm, the encouraged villagers are heading for a better life.

  "Have a happy and peaceful Spring Festival"

  Children’s dances are uniform, young people’s performances are full of energy, and the yangko tunes sung by old people are full of flavor … … Before the Spring Festival, in the centralized resettlement site of Xiaohongping Village, Jishishan County, Gansu Province, everyone was rehearsing "Village Night" in full swing.

  △ Rehearsal scene of "Village Night" in Xiaohongping Village, Jishishan County, Gansu Province

  On December 18th last year, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 occurred in Jishishan County, Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province, affecting Gansu and Qinghai provinces. Xiaohongping village is one of the hardest-hit villages in this earthquake. There are 379 households with more than 1,800 people living in centralized resettlement sites.

  After the earthquake, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader attached great importance to it and made important instructions at the first time, demanding that all efforts be made to carry out search and rescue, properly resettle the affected people, and do their utmost to ensure the safety of people’s lives and property.

  This Spring Festival, the affected people will spend it in the resettlement sites. In order to increase the atmosphere of the Chinese New Year and boost everyone’s confidence in rebuilding their homes, Xiao Hongping Village organized a "village night" with board houses.

  Ma Xingquan, 44, is the main actor in Yangko minor in "Village Night". "The rice, noodles and oil for the Chinese New Year are all ready, and the twist and avocado are also fried. A few days ago, the government also distributed living materials and solatium to everyone. " Ma Xingquan is busy attending the rehearsal of the "Village Night" program, and he is also studying in the welding training class organized by the labor department to contribute to the reconstruction of the village.

  △ In the board room of the resettlement site, Ma Xingquan’s fried dough twists and avocados.

  During his inspection tour in Tianjin, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that Party committees and governments at all levels should attach great importance to people’s livelihood and security, material and energy supply, social harmony and stability, and ensure that the people have a happy and peaceful Spring Festival.

  Tianjin Xiqing District strengthens the inspection and maintenance of people’s housing, strengthens the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and pipeline network, and arranges the production and life of people in disaster areas; We will spare no effort to ensure sufficient market supply during the Spring Festival, ensure a stable supply of daily necessities, and create a consumption scene full of fun, taste and taste.

  △ On January 18th, 2024, the lighting ceremony of Yangliuqing National Tide Light Show in Xiqing District of Tianjin was held in Yangliuqing Town.

  New year, new March. In the north and south of the great river, the strong flavor of the year is permeated with the confidence and strength of Chinese sons and daughters to forge ahead in a new journey.

  "Everyone should be full of confidence in the new year and live a better life." "During the Spring Festival, all localities can hold more cultural activities that the masses like to see and hear, making the festival more festive and cheerful."

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader sends a New Year greeting to everyone, which is warm and harmonious — —

  "I wish the Chinese people at home and abroad good health, family happiness, all the best and good luck in the Year of the Loong! I wish the great motherland good weather, peace, prosperity and prosperity! "

  Producer: Geng Zhimin

  Producer Xing Lai

  Editor-in-Chief Ning Lili

  Write Zhang Yanan.

  Visual sense Jiang yuhang

Huoqiu County Fire Rescue Brigade Clerk Recruitment Announcement

According to the needs of the development of the county’s fire situation, in order to enrich our county’s fire law enforcement service team, through research, Huoqiu County Fire Rescue Brigade openly recruits law enforcement assistants and office secretaries for the society. The relevant matters are hereby announced as follows:

First, the recruitment principle

Adhere to the principles of openness, equality, competition and merit, open recruitment, unified examination, standardized operation and strict standards.

Second, organizational leadership

This recruitment is led and organized by the "Huoqiu County Fire Rescue Brigade Open Recruitment Leading Group".

Relevant information such as recruitment announcement, written examination, qualification review, physical fitness assessment, interview, physical examination, inspection, publicity, replacement and employment will be released to the public through websites such as Huoqiu County People’s Government Network.

III. Recruitment Position and Plan

The personnel recruited this time are used by the county fire rescue brigade, and the recruitment plan is 4.

Fourth, the recruitment conditions

(a) the target of recruitment is the person with household registration or permanent residence in the county, and must meet the following conditions:

1. Have good conduct and no criminal record;

2. Full-time college degree or above (higher education is preferred);

3. Physical conditions for normal performance of duties;

4. Have other qualifications stipulated by the employer.

(2) Persons under any of the following circumstances shall not apply for the examination:

1. Full-time college students studying;

2. Servicemen;

3. Persons who have been subjected to criminal punishment for crimes, persons who have been expelled from public office, persons who have been subject to disciplinary action within the time limit or are undergoing disciplinary review, persons who are under criminal punishment or are under judicial investigation and have not yet reached a conclusion;

4. Persons who have been punished by public security detention or above;

5. Persons who have been dealt with for drug abuse and drunk driving;

6. Persons who have been dismissed by organs and institutions;

7. Persons who have been subjected to criminal compulsory measures for suspected intentional crimes;

8. Other personnel who are not suitable for the post of this recruitment.

V. Recruitment procedures

(1) Registration

Registration adopts the on-site registration method.

1. Registration time: January 5, 2022 to January 25, 2022 (8:00 am to 11:30 am and 14:30 pm to 17:30 pm).

2. Registration place: the office on the third floor of Huoqiu County Fire Brigade (50 meters east of Gongnong Bing Bridge in Chengguan Town, Huoqiu County).

3. Documents and materials required for registration:

(1) The original and photocopy of my valid resident ID card, residence booklet, graduation certificate and degree certificate;

(2) One copy of the Registration Qualification Examination Form, and two recent 1-inch bareheaded color photos with the same background;

(3) The household registration personnel in other counties shall also provide relevant proof materials (real estate license, house lease agreement, etc.) for living in this county.

(2) written examination

1. Written test content office knowledge, administrative ability test and official document writing. The full score of the written test is 100.

2. The written test time is January, and the specific time and place will be notified separately. Candidates will take the written test at the designated place with their valid ID card at the specified time.

(3) Qualification review

According to the written test scores from high to low, the candidates for physical fitness assessment are determined, and those who are less than the prescribed proportion are determined according to the actual number. If there are many candidates with the same written test results, the last one will be determined as a candidate for physical fitness assessment. Huoqiu County Fire Rescue Brigade re-examines the qualifications of physical fitness testers, and verifies the qualifications of applicants and the photos provided at the time of registration as required. Anyone who does not meet the requirements for the examination, cannot provide the required documents or does not accept the qualification review within the specified time will be disqualified from entering the physical fitness assessment.

(D) Physical fitness assessment

Those who pass the qualification review must take part in the physical fitness assessment at the specified time and place. Physical fitness assessment is organized by Huoqiu County Fire Rescue Brigade in accordance with the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Items and Standards of Physical Fitness Assessment for People’s Police Employed by Public Security Organs (Provisional) (No.48 [2011] of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security) and the Scoring Standards for Physical Exercise of Public Security Police. Men run 1000 meters, women run 800 meters, and those who score more than 60 points are qualified.

(5) Interview

1. Those who have passed the physical fitness assessment will attend the interview.

2. The interview time and place will be notified separately after the physical fitness test.

3. The interview was conducted in the form of structured interview, which mainly tested the candidates’ comprehensive analysis and adaptability, service awareness, language expression and instrument behavior, with a full score of 100.

4. In order to ensure the quality of new recruits, set the minimum qualified score for the interview as 60 points. Can not reach the minimum qualified score, shall not enter the next link.

(6) Physical examination

1. The written test and interview results add up to the total score of the candidates. According to the order of candidates’ total test scores from high to low, the physical examination objects are determined according to the ratio of 1:1 to the number of recruitment plans for each position. If there is a total score of the last exam, the ranking will be determined according to the level of written test scores; If the written test scores are the same, the ranking will be determined by the score of subjective questions in the written test paper.

2. The physical examination shall be conducted with reference to the General Standard for Physical Examination of Civil Servants (Trial) and the Special Standard for Physical Examination of Civil Servants (Trial). The medical examination time will be announced separately.

(7) Investigation

After the physical examination, the Huoqiu County Fire Rescue Brigade organized an inspection of the qualified personnel, and reviewed the documents, relevant information and recruitment conditions and requirements provided by the applicants. If fraud is found or the qualification examination is passed, but it is actually inconsistent with the recruitment conditions, once verified, the employment qualification will be cancelled.

(8) publicity

Those who pass the physical examination and inspection are determined to be candidates, and the list of candidates will be publicized to the public for seven days. If there is no objection after publicity, it will enter the probation period.

(9) Supplement

If there are vacancies of recruiters due to unqualified physical examination or inspection and automatic abandonment, they will be replenished from those who have passed the interview according to the order of high score to low score.

(10) Employment

The probationary period for new recruits is three months. Those who pass the examination after the probation period are determined to be the formal employment targets, and the fire rescue brigade will sign a labor contract with me. The salary during the probation period is 2300 yuan per month, and the monthly salary after formal employment is not less than 5000 yuan (including basic salary, performance salary, six insurances and one gold, etc.), and the salary standard is appropriately adjusted according to the working years and performance. Huoqiu County Fire Rescue Brigade uniformly distributes standard clothing for fire auxiliary personnel.

Vi. Other matters

This announcement is interpreted by Huoqiu County Fire Brigade.

Tel: 1806309900

 

Attachment: Huoqiu county fire rescue brigade open recruitment registration qualification examination form. doc           

 

 

Huoqiu county fire protection rescue corps

January 4, 2022   

 

 

How does Spring Festival travel rush drive in an orderly way? Listen to the traffic police.

  Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, January 18th Question: How does Spring Festival travel rush drive in an orderly way? Listen to the traffic police.

  Xinhua News Agency reporters Ren Qinqin, Lu Chang and Sun Liangquan

  The scale of cross-regional personnel mobility has obviously increased, with the increase of self-driving passenger trips, the increase of trunk road traffic, and the substantial increase of returning home from work, traveling, visiting relatives and friends … … How can Spring Festival travel rush’s self-driving trips be staggered in an orderly way in 2023? The reporter interviewed the traffic control department and the front-line traffic police to help you.

  The traffic control departments of many places interviewed by the reporter predict that the road traffic trip in Spring Festival travel rush will show the characteristics of staged high-level operation, short-term concentration before and after the festival, and tidal spatial and temporal distribution.

  Specifically, before the Spring Festival, the national high-speed travel was relatively scattered. Three days before the start of the holiday, from January 18 to 20, the passenger flow returning home before the holiday was concentrated. Affected by people’s purchasing of new year’s goods, leisure shopping, short-distance visits to relatives and friends, etc., traffic flow concentration and vehicle queues are prone to occur around local goods markets, bustling business districts and passenger stations.

  Three days after the Spring Festival holiday, from January 25th to 27th, it is estimated that the first wave of returning to the city will be ushered in, with the peak on the 27th and the congestion period from 14: 00 to 19: 00. At that time, the traffic pressure around the expressway and urban expressway and the passenger station will increase. There will be a small return peak on February 6 after the Lantern Festival.

  On January 7th, Beijing traffic police carried out Spring Festival travel rush security work around Dujiakan toll station of Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway. Photo courtesy of respondents

  Hai Wang, a traffic policeman from Beijing Traffic Management Bureau, said that during the Spring Festival holiday, the toll of passenger cars was reduced on expressways. It is expected that citizens going to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other provinces will also choose to travel by road. The Beijing-Tibet Expressway, Jingcheng Expressway, Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway, Daguang Expressway and Jingha Expressway are prone to short-term traffic and slow driving, and the traffic flow is large from January 24 to 26.

  "In 2023, the scale of personnel mobility in Spring Festival travel rush will show a rapid recovery trend, especially in domestic tourist cities, and there will be a peak of people and vehicles." Lin Bingcong, member of the Party Committee of the Traffic Police Detachment of Xiamen Public Security Bureau and a first-class senior police sergeant, analyzed that Xiamen once again became a popular tourist destination in China during the New Year’s Day this year. During the Spring Festival travel rush period, especially during the Spring Festival holiday, Xiamen will continue the trend of high tourists. It is expected that the road traffic around the scenic spot will peak between January 22 and 27; It was not until after the Lantern Festival that it began to return to normal.

  During Spring Festival travel rush, Xiamen traffic police were on duty. Photo courtesy of respondents

  Zhang Yongjie, squadron leader of Xiadi Squadron of Traffic Police Brigade of Jishan County Public Security Bureau, said that the rallies and temple fairs during the Lantern Festival have increased the pressure on urban areas and rural roads in major counties and townships. One week before the end of Spring Festival travel rush, colleges and universities started classes one after another, and the traffic flow of students returning to school and going out to work was superimposed, and the traffic flow of urban expressway sections, urban areas, county and city passenger stations and surrounding roads increased.

  What should I pay attention to when traveling by car? Lin Bingcong believes that before traveling, it is necessary to obtain the epidemic situation of the destination, the weather conditions and traffic flow at the passing place in time, and pay attention to the distribution of expressway service areas along the way, the setting of charging piles, meteorological and road conditions information; Conduct a comprehensive inspection of the vehicle to ensure that the vehicle chassis, tires, braking system, lights and other key components are in good condition, tripods, flash sticks, fire extinguishers and other safety facilities are complete, and refuse to take the vehicle "sick" on the road; It is necessary to face up to the fact that driving skills have been unfamiliar since the epidemic, do a good job of physical and psychological recovery before going out, and advocate suspending travel before eliminating the risk of infection or when symptoms such as fever appear.

  On January 14, Shanxi traffic police were dealing with snow on the road. Photo courtesy of respondents

  Zhang Yongjie reminded that the number of minibuses, road passenger transport and tourist passenger transport in Spring Festival travel rush increased this year, and the phenomenon of mixed passenger and freight traffic was prominent. Some drivers turned from long-term low-load operation to normal state, which increased the risk of traffic accidents because of their inadaptability to vehicles and roads, so they needed to pay special attention to driving safety.

  In response to the actual travel needs of the masses, local traffic control departments will rely on media such as traffic radio, television, Internet, Weibo, WeChat, etc. to timely announce traffic flow prediction and diversion and bypass plans, so as to ensure safe and smooth roads during Spring Festival travel rush and create a safe, smooth and harmonious travel environment for the masses to celebrate the Spring Festival.